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Advertisements South African Tours suite of properties can help you achieve your business goals by reaching millions of users worldwide. Unlock New Opportunities with South African Tours Germany At South African Tours, we connect your brand with a global audience passionate about South Africa, Wildlife Safaris, South Africa Cuisines & Foods, Traffic & Brakeing News. Transport to get around & Places of Attractions and much more to enjoy. With a reach of over 15 million users across our platforms and an additional 6 million through email and social media, we can help you achieve your business goals with tailored partnership solutions. Our Story Placing content with South African Tours means working with the best of the best in international English news sites. Their writers are superbly skilled at understanding the goals of each content piece. A smooth process, responsive staff, and high-quality traffic to our site - definitely a worthwhile investment for our business.Our audience may have different reasons for reading South African Tours but what connects them is the spirit of adventure, a desire to travel, a need to experience the world and a curiosity of wanting to know more. That is why we advertise for you. Banners, video and interactive solutions To enhance your campaign or increase the longevity of your products and services exposure, your marketing teams can consider: Tactical banner advertising Targeted social media Branded video Podcasts Surveys/Quizzes A FEW OF OUR ADVERTISE BANNERS & PARTNERS WE SHARE WITH YOU. Camping in South Africa This is probably the best place in South Africa for birding enthusiasts who are particularity interested in birds of prey. Caravanning and camping in South Africa is part of our history. From the days of the Voortrekkers, we have been packing …Start new topics, discuss, talk, chat, joke with other campers. Comment or give suggestions, advice and help on caravan parks, camp sites, holiday resorts, destinations, businesses, products, road conditions, vehicles, caravans and much more... View More Daily Horoscopes Astrology.com is the leading astrology media brand. With personalized readings and a vast library of astrology information, our site has the most to offer for beginners, learners, and professionals alike. Astrology.com offers cutting edge content, fresh daily horoscopes, detailed astrology reports, and a hyper-personalized subscription service, Astrology+ . Coming from a team who loves astrology as much as you do, Astrology+ is the first service to offer real-time transit notifications, birth chart analysis, live Q&As, and personalized moon reports—all in one place! Recognized by Digiday for Best Overall Design, with authenticity at the core of our ethos, we are proud to represent professional astrologers of all practices and backgrounds—making our site perfectly attuned for both the astro-curious and astro-serious. View More South African Cuisine & Foods South Africa, often referred to as the “Rainbow Nation “, offers a vibrant tapestry of cultures, each contributing to the country’s unique and diverse culinary landscape. From the fragrant spices of Cape Malay cooking to the hearty, rustic flavors of Afrikaner dishes, South African cuisine is a testament to the country’s rich cultural heritage and history. Here are 50 Traditional South African Foods View More Truck Stops in South Africa A.C. Braby (Pty) Ltd is the largest and longest established specialist business directory publisher in Southern Africa having been in continuous operation for 115 years. Brabys has local operations throughout Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean Islands and publishes a large range of specialist business directories which is invaluable for business to business communication and promotional opportunities. With expansion came diversification. Brabys now produces tourist guides, tourist maps, town and city brochures, and official publications. Calendars and diaries are also in the expanded portfolio of the company's activities. The internet offering Brabys.Com is the most comprehensive online business directory for Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean Islands. It is the premier guide for information on businesses, community, government, recreation and entertainment and, with the enhanced search fields, is searchable by business type, business name, telephone and a helpful dialing/postal code search. Brabys.Com online mapping is highly sophisticated with well developed new electronic offering, featuring a comprehensive coverage of South Africa including distance charts. The acquisition of Ananzi, South Africa's top search engine and promoting Brabys.Com has resulted in increased usage of the directories and thus entrenched Brabys leading position in online directories. View More Blue Train in South Africa About the Blue Train Treat yourself with an unforgettable experience aboard one of South Africa’s leading luxury trains. This 5 star, 54 hour experience offers you around-the-clock butler service, 2 lounge cars (smoking and non-smoking), an observation car, carriages with gold-tinted picture windows and fully carpeted and soundproofed suites, all with en-suite bathrooms. Situated behind the train’s engine is the Club car, where you can enjoy a Cuban cigar served after dinner while sipping on cognac, or any drink of your choice. If a game of backgammon, chess or cards is not for you, browse our library selection, enjoy the big screen or get lost in thought gazing up at the star-lit African sky. Afternoon High Tea and after-dinner drinks are served in the Lounge car, situated in the middle of the train. When not in use as a Conference car, the Observation car serves as an extension of the Lounge Car. Dine with friends or enjoy a romantic dinner for two in the elegant Dining car. You can also choose to dine in the privacy of your own suite. Our on-board chefs prepare dishes of the highest standard, regularly refreshing the menu and using only the freshest local ingredients. There is something to suite every taste, including Halaal, Kosher, gluten-free of vegan. Simply notify us at the time of reservation and our chefs will prepare a meal suited to your needs. Dinner is elegant, with the dress code being formal. Tasteful background music compliments the evening. The Dining car can accommodate 42 guests in a sitting, with 2 sittings when needed. View More Hotels & Resturants 1 Best Value of 745 South Africa Hotels with Restaurants "Impeccable dining experience and very professional staff from housekeeping, restaurant staff, rangers, trackers... everyone will make your stay feel special!" "The rooms were amazing, the housekeeping was incredible, the restaurant was amazing (during one lunch, we got to see elephants playing in the lake in front of it, as well as buffalos, giraffes and impalas)." Visit hotel website View More Global Weather Reports In study after study AccuWeather has been proven as the most statistically accurate source of weather forecasts and warnings. Our over 100 expert meteorologists plus designers, writers, developers all collaborate to bring the weather forecast to life for our Better Communication AccuWeather’s foundation of Superior Accuracy is further enhanced and expanded with the best communication, wording, detail and displays ensuring that important weather forecasts, warnings, news and information are more useful than other sources and easily understood. users, partners and corporate clients. Focus on Impact AccuWeather’s forecasts and warnings focus on the impact to people and businesses, so they can make the best weather-impacted decisions. A storm producing 2-3 inches of snow may prove insignificant in one geography and bring another to a complete standstill. View More Fomula One News Start lights How does the F1 weekend work? What’s F1 Sprint? And why is it called Formula 1? You’ve got questions – we’ve got answers... Who races in F1? Extreme g-forces. Daring decisions made in the blink of an eye – and at 370km/h. Dramatically battling to be the best, Formula 1 drivers are more like fighter pilots than sportspeople. Only 20 get the chance to compete, and they push themselves – and their incredible machines – to the very limit. Who are the F1 teams? Formula 1 is a team sport. It needs to be to change all 4 tyres on a car in under 2 seconds! F1 teams design and build their cars and get them ready to race. Each has their own history. Each has their own unique approach. All want to be the fastest. But who should you root for? F1 Explains F1 doesn't stop at the chequered flag. Presented by Katie Osborne and Christian Hewgill, our F1 Explains podcast brings big-name guests from the sport together to answer fan questions about Formula 1. View More Frankfurt Airport Departure & Arrivals Frankfurt Airport’s parking facilities are very busy. Therefore, we ask all passengers to pre-book a parking space online in advance, well before the date of their journey. If a booking for the desired parking period is no longer possible, we recommend traveling by public transport. FRA is excellently linked to the railway network of Deutsche Bahn. The airport is also well served by …Frankfurt Airport (German : Flughafen Frankfurt Main [ˈfluːkhaːfn̩ ˈfʁaŋkfʊʁt ˈmaɪn] ) (IATA : FRA, ICAO : EDDF), is Germany's main international airport by passenger numbers,[7] located in Frankfurt , Germany's fifth-largest city. Its official name according to the German Aeronautical Information Publication is Frankfurt Main Airport.[8] The airport is operated by Fraport and serves as the main hub for Lufthansa , including Lufthansa City Airlines , Lufthansa CityLine and Lufthansa Cargo as well as Condor and AeroLogic . It covers an area of 2,300 hectares (5,683 acres) of land[9] and features two passenger terminals with capacity for approximately 65 million passengers per year; four runways; and extensive logistics and maintenance facilities. View More Breaking World News Daily The BBC is the world’s leading public service broadcaster We’re impartial and independent, and every day we create distinctive, world-class programmes and content which inform, educate and entertain millions of people in the UK and around the world. We do this across: A portfolio of television services, including the UK’s most-watched channel BBC One and our multi award-winning channels for children, as well as national and regional television programmes and services across England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales Ten UK-wide radio networks, providing the best live music broadcasting in the UK, as well as speech radio which informs, educates and entertains. We also have two national radio services each in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and local radio stations across England and the Channel Islands, providing an invaluable and unique service to listeners across the UK Our digital services including BBC News, Sport, Weather CBBC and CBeebies, iPlayer and BBC Sounds, BBC Red Button and our vast archive BBC World Service television, radio and online on more than 40 languages Established by a Royal Charter , the BBC is principally funded through the licence fee paid by UK households. Our role is to fulfil our mission and promote our Public Purposes . Our commercial operations including BBC Studios, the BBC’s award-winning production company and world-class distributor, provide additional revenue for investment in new programming and services for UK audiences. The BBC’s Board ensures that we deliver our mission and public purposes which are set out in the Charter. The Executive Committee is responsible for day-to-day management. We are regulated by Ofcom . View More World Wide Traffic Reports Founded in 2004, INRIX pioneered the practice of managing traffic by analyzing data not just from road sensors, but also from vehicles. This breakthrough approach enabled INRIX to become one of the leading providers of data and insight into how people move around the world. INRIX delivers innovative products for the automotive and transportation industries such as real-time parking and traffic information and solutions that facilitate the safe testing and deployment of autonomous vehicles. We also provide new insights to a variety of other industries that can make better business decisions by understanding how people move throughout the day. At INRIX, we see a world of possibilities enabled by making transportation more intelligent. View More All About South Africa The country of South Africa occupies the southern tip of the African continent and is bordered by five countries including Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Botswana. Within South Africa lies the independent kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is divided into nine regions or provinces . South Africa boasts 3 capital cities: Pretoria (executive), Cape Town (legislative) and Bloemfontein (judicial). The national currency is the South African Rand. South Africa is a popular destination for European and North American travelers. Tourists from most part of Europe and all from North America do not require visas. View More Traveling to South Africa Encountering Africa’s iconic Big 5 (elephant, rhino, lion, leopard and buffalo) is a major item on any safari goer’s bucket list. South Africa is one of the very few places on Earth where you’re able to tick off all five in one day. Easily Combine Bush, Beach & Vine Cape Town’s gorgeous coastline offers its visitors sun-kissed beaches, while the famous Cape Winelands will delight any gourmet. Superb infrastructure and daily domestic flights make combining a Kruger safari with a beach holiday a piece of cake. World-class Service & Amenities Experience culinary excellence from award-winning chefs in Cape Town, the Winelands, and Kruger’s private reserves and concessions. Plus enjoy top-notch service and amenities like spas, gyms and art galleries in each location. Fantastic Logistics Daily commercial flights link all the major cities, chartered airplanes can get you to safari lodges with their own private airstrips, and a self-drive holiday along the beautiful Garden Route is made safe and easy thanks to well-maintained road networks. View More South African Music News Dylan Tori Unveils ‘Daydreamer’ – South African singer-songwriter Dylan Tori unveils his latest ballad, ‘Daydreamer’ – a powerful, piano-driven track that explores the creative struggle and the pursuit of hope amidst the fast pace and complexities of modern life. Following his previous bootscoothin’ boogie single, ‘Dance A Little More ’, Dylan Tori’s ‘Daydreamer’ powerfully captures the tension between the passionate pursuit of artistic expression and the overwhelming realities of today’s world. With evocative lyrics that resonate deeply with creatives and dreamers everywhere, Dylan Tori reminds us that even in a chaotic and often indifferent environment the human spirit relentlessly yearns for connection, purpose, and unity. Originally conceived on guitar, ‘Daydreamer’ underwent a transformative evolution in the studio. Renowned producer and artist Mark Beling reimagined the track with a sophisticated, piano-driven arrangement enriched by subtle string layers. This innovative production not only deepens the emotional resonance of Dylan’s soulful vocals but also enhances the song’s universal message of hope and renewal. Dylan Tori adds: “’Daydreamer’ is incredibly personal. It’s about the struggle of finding meaning amid global uncertainty and the everyday pressures that challenge our creative spirit. I wrote this song to remind all of us that even when the world seems overwhelming, our dreams and our hope can light the way forward. I hope it inspires every listener to embrace that shared journey towards a better, more united world.” View More Visting Maps in South Africa On the 27th of July 2023 South African Tourism unveiled Siya Kolisi as the new Global Brand Advocate. In an exciting event hosted at Hotel Sky in Sandton the well curated event saw some of South Africa’s most exceptional figures in sports, arts and culture converge for robust conversation about excelling as South African’s. It was also an opportune moment to launch “The Best Of Us” visual content piece that features Siya Kolisi and South Africa’s beautiful landscapes and people. South Africa is a country like no other. It is the ideal destination for those seeking a unique sensory/spiritual reawakening, a place that leaves its visitors feeling inspired, enriched and rejuvenated. South Africa gives travellers the opportunity to reconnect with real life South Africa offers a diversity of options to suit every traveller that will excite and revive you, that will suit your pocket, that will answer your every need and desire. South Africa is a welcoming, friendly and fun destination, with people known for warmth, hospitality and authenticity. So... Come to South AfricaThe We Do Tourism campaign is aimed at each and every South African! It is about each of us seeing the value of tourism, understanding how it impacts our lives, and how we can play a role in growing it. View More South Africa Rainbow Nation Rainbow nation" is a term coined by Archbishop Desmond Tutu to describe post-apartheid South Africa after South Africa 's first democratic election in 1994. The phrase was elaborated upon by President Nelson Mandela in his first month of office, when he proclaimed: "Each of us is as intimately attached to the soil of this beautiful country as are the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria and the mimosa trees of the bushveld – a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world. The term was intended to encapsulate the unity of multi-culturalism and the coming-together of people of many different nations, in a country once identified with the strict division of white and black under the Apartheid regime.[2] In a series of televised appearances, Tutu spoke of the "Rainbow People of God". As a cleric, this metaphor drew upon the Old Testament story of Noah's Flood and its ensuing rainbow of peace. Within South African indigenous cultures, the rainbow is associated with hope and a bright future. The secondary metaphor the rainbow allows is more political. Unlike the primary metaphor, the room for different cultural interpretations of the colour spectrum is slight. Whether the rainbow has Isaac Newton 's seven colours, or five of the Nguni (i.e. Xhosa and Zulu ) cosmology, the colours are not taken literally to represent particular cultural groups. View More The Big Five of South Africa Even though you know that Africa and South Africa are so much more than the Big Five, the familiar images soon begin playing in your mind: lions roaring; elephants trumpeting; buffalos lurking in long grass; rhinos standing stately under a thorn tree; leopards prowling in the gathering darkness. You’ve seen the Big Five in books and you’ve seen them on TV. But it’s time to come and see them for yourself. The real thing. In person. And there’s no better place for this than South Africa, which offers the most exciting, memorable and exhilarating experience of your life – coming face to face with the Big Five. Origin of the name How did these five animals – the lion, elephant, buffalo, rhinoceros and leopard – come to be called the Big Five? It was originally a hunting term used by the so-called ‘great white hunters’ in the hunting heyday of the 19th and early 20thcenturies, when professional hunters bagged as many trophies as possible in as short a time as possible. Considered a rite of passage for seasoned travellers, everybody from American presidents to European royalty and heads of state came to Africa to shoot a large, dangerous animal. The Big Five quickly became known as the most dangerous animals to hunt on foot, and the name stuck – although now ‘shooting’ is done through a camera lens. View More Radio SAM Broadcasting Studios Germany We built ‘Radio SAM Broadcaster Germany’ for YOU…….. For you to NEVER miss that amazing event. We strive to, at all times, try to take the hassle out of finding out where that favourite artist is performing, have a look at some other artists also performing, and at what venue it is going to be held, at what time, and maybe it will be the end of life as you know it. We love radio! Radio SAM Broadcaster Germany makes life a little easier for everyone who feels the same way. We offer you the opportunity to listen to internet radio from all over the world in a particularly uncomplicated manner and free of charge. With the push of a button, you can also record it very easily thanks to Radio SAM Broadcaster Germany. Don't you ever want to miss your favorite internet radio radio again? Our tools make it possible! You can put together your own program in the Radio SAM Broadcaster Germany player, in the app and directly on our website. This is then conveniently recorded and saved for you. If you just want to listen to your favorite online radio stations, you can of course do so here: You can click through the music genres or topics you want and you will find enough material to stream continuously for days! View More Our Partners BACK TO THE TOP OF THE PAGE

Tribes of South Africa: A Journey Through Diverse Cultures and Traditions In the vibrant tapestry of South Africa’s heritage, the diverse tribes stand as vibrant threads, each contributing its unique hue to the nation’s rich cultural fabric. From the Nguni-speaking Zulu and Xhosa to the Sotho-Tswana, and the colorful tapestry of smaller ethnic groups , South Africa is a kaleidoscope of traditions, languages, and customs that blend harmoniously, painting a vivid picture of a nation united in diversity. The differentiation among these tribes often extends beyond linguistic variations, encompassing distinctive rituals, beliefs, and social structures. These unique traits, passed down through generations, serve as a testament to the resilience of South Africa’s cultural heritage, while also presenting opportunities for mutual understanding and appreciation. South Africa’s myriad tribes are a testament to the country’s rich history and cultural diversity. Each tribe brings its unique traditions, beliefs, and customs to the nation’s tapestry, creating a vibrant and dynamic society. The diverse tribes of South Africa exemplify the country’s resilience and adaptability, having survived centuries of change and adversity. They are a source of pride and identity for South Africans, and their stories continue to be told and celebrated. The Vibrant Tapestry of South Africa: Exploring the Diverse Tribes and Their Cultural Heritage South Africa, a nation brimming with natural beauty, captivates the world with its diverse cultural tapestry. In this rich landscape, the influence of various tribes and ethnic groups has profoundly shaped the country’s history, traditions, and vibrant cultural identity. This article takes you on a captivating journey to explore the different types of tribes in South Africa, uncovering their unique customs, languages, and practices. The Xhosa Tribe: Keepers of the Nguni Legacy With a rich history spanning centuries, the Xhosa tribe proudly ranks among South Africa’s most prominent ethnic groups. Their ancestral lands lie primarily in the Eastern Cape Province, where their resilient spirit and cultural heritage have flourished for generations. The Xhosa people, renowned for their intricate beadwork and expressive music, have significantly influenced South Africa’s political, social, and cultural landscapes. The Zulu Tribe: A Legacy of Strength and Unity In the southeastern region of South Africa, the Zulu tribe stands tall, a testament to resilience and unity. Their history is intertwined with that of iconic leaders like Shaka Zulu, whose leadership and military prowess shaped the Zulu nation into a formidable force. Known for their vibrant dance performances, stunning beadwork, and elaborate ceremonies, the Zulu people have indelibly imprinted their mark on South Africa’s cultural fabric. The Pedi Tribe: Guardians of the Northern Sotho Heritage From the Northern Sotho linguistic group emerges the Pedi tribe, a proud people with deep-rooted traditions. Their ancestral home lies in the Limpopo Province, where they preserve their cultural identity through captivating music, intricate pottery, and mesmerizing dance performances. The Pedi tribe’s history is replete with tales of bravery, resilience, and a steadfast commitment to their cultural legacy. The Tswana Tribe: A Legacy of Harmony and Adaptation In the vast and arid regions of South Africa, the Tswana tribe has thrived, showcasing remarkable adaptation and resilience. Their ancestral lands are primarily situated in the North West Province, where they have cultivated a rich heritage of music, dance, and storytelling. The Tswana people are renowned for their harmonious communal living and their ability to adapt to the challenging conditions of their environment. The Venda Tribe: Echoes of Ancestral Wisdom From the northeastern corner of South Africa, the Venda tribe emerges as a bastion of cultural preservation. Their traditional lands lie within the Limpopo Province, where they have nurtured a deep connection to their ancestral spirits and the natural world. The Venda tribe’s traditions, expressed through mesmerizing music, intricate beadwork, and captivating dance performances, reflect their profound reverence for their cultural roots. The Ndebele Tribe: A Symphony of Colors and Patterns In the heart of South Africa’s Mpumalanga Province, the Ndebele tribe paints a vibrant canvas of culture and artistry. Their traditional attire, adorned with intricate beadwork and bold geometric patterns, captivates the eye with its kaleidoscope of colors. The Ndebele people’s unique architectural style, characterized by brightly painted houses with intricate murals, further showcases their artistic flair and cultural pride. The Sotho Tribe: Embracing Unity and Tradition The Sotho tribe, a significant ethnic group in South Africa, predominantly occupies the central and eastern regions of the country. Their cultural heritage is deeply rooted in unity, community spirit, and respect for elders. The Sotho people have a strong oral tradition, passing down stories, legends, and historical accounts through generations. Their traditional music and dance performances showcase their vibrant cultural expressions. The Swazi Tribe: Upholding Royal Traditions Orientation Identification. The Swazi nation is named for Mswati II, who became king in 1839. The royal lineage can be traced to a chief named Dlamini; this is still the royal clan name. About three-quarters of the clan groups are Nguni; the remainder are Sotho and Tsonga. These groups have intermarried freely. There are slight differences among Swazi groups, but Swazi identity extends to all those with allegiance to the twin monarchs Ngwenyama "the Lion" (the king) and Ndlovukati "the She-Elephant" (the queen mother). Location and Geography. Swaziland, in southern Africa between Mozambique and South Africa, is a landlocked country of 6,074 square miles (17,360 square kilometers). The terrain is mostly mountainous with moderately sloping plains. The legislative capital is Lobamba, one of the traditional royal seats. The administrative capital is the nearby city of Mbabane. Manzini is the business hub. Demography. The population in 2000 is about 980,000. A small European population (about 3 percent) sometimes is called "White Swazi." Linguistic Affiliation. The official languages are siSwati and English. SiSwati, a Southern Bantu language, is a member of the Nguni subgroup. Symbolism. The primary national symbol is the monarchy. King Sobhuza II (died 1982) oversaw the transition from colony to protectorate to independent country. The symbolic relationship between the king and his people is evident at the incwala , the most sacred ceremony, which may not be held when there is no king. The full ritual, which takes several weeks, symbolizes the acceptance of traditional rulers, the unity of the state, the agricultural cycle, fertility, and potency. History and Ethnic Relations Emergence of the Nation. The Nguni clans, which originated in East Africa in the fifteenth century, moved into southern Mozambique and then into present-day Swaziland; the term abakwaNgwane ("Ngwane's people") is still used as an alternative to emaSwati . Sobhuza I ruled during a period of chaos, resulting from the expansion of the Zulu state under Shaka. Under Sobhuza's leadership, the Nguni and Sotho peoples as well as remnant San groups were integrated into the Swazi nation. "Swazi" eventually was applied to all the peoples who gave allegiance to the Ngwenyama. National Identity. In the late 1830s, initial contact occurred among the Swazi, the Boers, and the British. A substantial portion of Swazi territory was ceded to the Transvaal Boers, the first of many concessions to European interests. The Pretoria Convention for the Settlement of the Transvaal in 1881 recognized the independence of Swaziland and defined its boundaries. The Ngwenyama was not a signatory, and the Swazi claim that their territory extends in all directions from the present state. More than a million ethnic Swazi reside in South Africa. Britain claimed authority over Swaziland in 1903, and independence was achieved in 1968. Ethnic Relations. Relations among the Swazi peoples have generally been peaceful. Relations with Europeans historically were strained as a result of land concessions and tension caused by the administrative domination of Great Britain. Swaziland Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space The predominant home style is the Nguni "bee-hive" hut, in which a rounded frame made of poles is covered with thatch bound with plaited ropes. Sotho huts, which have pointed, detachable roofs on walls of mud and wattle, are found throughout the country; these huts have window frames and full doorways. Both types can be found within a single homestead, which may also include European architectural styles. Traditional homestead organization follows the "central cattle pattern." In the center of the homestead is an unroofed, fenced cattle pen, the sibaya , from which women are barred. Residential huts are grouped around the western side. The "great hut," indlunkulu is used as the family shrine, dedicated to the senior patrilineal ancestors. Other huts are occupied by individual wives. Food and Economy Food in Daily Life. The traditional food supply fluctuated seasonally. Between winter and the new crops of summer, shortages were common. Maize and millet were the main staples. Dairy products, especially soured milk, were reserved for children. Cattle were slaughtered mainly for ritual purposes, and meat was in short supply. Leafy vegetables, roots, and fruits completed the traditional diet. The introduction of supermarkets means that meat and other products are available throughout the year. The Swazi typically observed a fish taboo, along with a taboo on egg consumption for females and a dairy taboo for wives. There were also clan-specific food taboos on particular birds and wild animals. Indigenous Tribes of South Africa: Traditions, Customs, And Heritage The Indigenous tribes of South Africa have rich traditions, customs, and heritage, reflecting their diverse cultural practices and beliefs. South Africa is home to various indigenous tribes including the Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho, and San people, each with unique customs, traditions, and heritage that are deeply rooted in their history and way of life. These tribes have preserved their cultural practices through storytelling, dance, music, art, and spiritual rituals, contributing to the rich tapestry of South Africa’s cultural heritage. Understanding and respecting these traditions is essential for preserving the cultural diversity and identity of South Africa’s indigenous tribes. Everywhere you go in South Africa, you will find the incredible influence of these indigenous tribes, shaping the country’s cultural landscape and reinforcing the significance of their traditions and customs. The Rich Diversity Of Indigenous Tribes Experience the rich tapestry of South Africa’s indigenous tribes, each steeped in vibrant traditions, customs, and a unique cultural heritage that has been preserved for generations. Journey through the diverse landscapes of the region to uncover the fascinating stories and practices of these ancient communities. The indigenous tribes of South Africa have a rich history and diverse cultural heritage. The country is home to various tribes, each with distinctive customs and traditions. These tribes are spread across different regions of South Africa. They vary in both population size and linguistic diversity. Some tribes have large populations while others are smaller in number. Each tribe also has its unique language and dialect, adding to the country’s cultural tapestry. Traditional Beliefs And Spiritual Practices The indigenous tribes of South Africa uphold traditional beliefs and spiritual practices, deeply rooted in their customs and heritage. These traditions are passed down through generations, shaping their cultural identity and connection to the land. Their spiritual rituals and ceremonies are integral to their way of life, reflecting a profound respect for nature and ancestral wisdom. Indigenous Tribes of South Africa: Traditional Beliefs and Spiritual Practices Ancestral worship includes honoring ancestors for guidance and protection. Connection to nature is central, viewing it as a living entity. Rituals and ceremonies mark important life events and seasons. Traditional healers play key roles in spiritual and physical well-being. Traditional Art And Crafts Traditional art and crafts play a significant role in showcasing the unique artistic expressions of indigenous tribes in South Africa. These tribes meticulously create stunning artwork using natural materials, which not only reflects their deep connection with nature but also has symbolic meanings. The use of natural materials such as wood, clay, beads, and feathers not only adds authenticity to their creations but also signifies their respect and reverence towards the environment. Indigenous tribes in South Africa often incorporate symbolism in their artwork to communicate powerful messages and preserve their cultural heritage. Each piece of art holds a deeper meaning, narrating stories of ancestors, spirituality, and traditional beliefs. These symbolic representations provide a glimpse into their rich history, customs, and traditions. From intricate wood carvings and beautifully beaded jewelry to vibrant paintings and pottery, the traditional art and crafts of indigenous tribes in South Africa captivate and mesmerize onlookers, showcasing their creativity, talent, and deep-rooted cultural values. Oral Tradition And Storytelling Oral tradition and storytelling are integral to the indigenous tribes of South Africa. The importance of oral history lies in preserving cultural heritage and passing down knowledge through generations. Myths, legends, and folktales are woven into the fabric of their storytelling, conveying morals and values. Additionally, rituals play a crucial role in ensuring the continuation of these traditions, creating a sense of communal identity and pride. Land And Natural Resources Indigenous tribes of South Africa have a deep connection to the land, which is integral to their traditions, customs, and heritage. They have a profound respect for their traditional land rights and prioritize conservation efforts to protect their natural resources. However, they face numerous challenges and threats to their territories, including land encroachment and unsustainable resource exploitation. Despite these obstacles, indigenous communities are steadfast in their commitment to safeguarding their land and natural resources for future generations. Cultural Tourism And Preservation Cultural tourism is crucial in promoting sustainable tourism, preserving the rich traditions, customs, and heritage of indigenous tribes in South Africa. By embracing cultural tourism, indigenous communities can preserve their unique way of life, ensuring that their traditions are not lost to modernization. Cultural exchange and understanding are integral in fostering mutual respect and appreciation. Through cultural tourism, visitors can engage with indigenous tribes, promoting a deeper understanding of their customs and heritage. By participating in activities such as traditional dances, storytelling, and handicrafts, tourists can immerse themselves in the authentic experiences offered by indigenous tribes. This exchange of knowledge and appreciation can help break stereotypes and misconceptions, fostering greater cultural tolerance and respect. The Importance Of Indigenous Rights Indigenous rights play a crucial role in preserving the rich traditions, customs, and heritage of South Africa’s Indigenous tribes. By protecting their rights, we ensure the continuity and appreciation of their valuable cultural heritage. The Importance of Indigenous Rights Recognition and protection of indigenous rights is crucial for their well-being. Addressing historical injustices ensures a fair treatment for indigenous communities. Advocacy and empowerment are vital for indigenous tribes to thrive and preserve their culture. Frequently Asked Questions For Indigenous Tribes Of South Africa: Traditions, Customs, And Heritage What Are The Indigenous Tribes Of South Africa? The indigenous tribes of South Africa include the Zulu, Xhosa, Basotho, and many others. Each tribe has its own unique customs, traditions, and languages, contributing to the rich cultural heritage of the country. What Are The Traditional Customs Of South African Tribes? Traditional customs of South African tribes often include rites of passage, ceremonies, and practices that are passed down through generations. These customs play a significant role in preserving the cultural identity and heritage of the indigenous tribes. How Do South African Tribes Preserve Their Heritage? South African tribes preserve their heritage through oral storytelling, traditional music and dance, and the passing down of cultural practices from one generation to the next. These methods help to ensure that their rich traditions and customs endure over time. Conclusion The Indigenous tribes of South Africa embody a rich tapestry of traditions, customs, and heritage that have been passed down through generations. Through their vibrant rituals, art forms, and oral storytelling, these tribes have managed to preserve their unique identity and ancestral knowledge. Exploring their ways of life and appreciation for nature is not only culturally enlightening but also allows a deeper understanding of our shared humanity. yourself in the wonders of South Africa’s indigenous tribes and embrace the beauty of their diverse heritage. The 11 languages of South Africa The 11 languages of South Africa South Africa has 11 official languages and a multilingual population fluent in at least two. IsiZulu and isiXhosa are the largest languages, while English is spoken at home by only one in 10 people – most of them not white. South Africa’s constitution recognises 11 official languages: Sepedi (also known as Sesotho sa Leboa ), Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa and isiZulu. For centuries South Africa’s official languages were European – Dutch, English, Afrikaans. African languages, spoken by at least 80% of the people, were ignored. In 1996 South Africa’s new constitution gave official protection to all of the country’s major languages. South Africa has about 34 historically established languages. Thirty are living languages, and four extinct Khoesan languages. Overview of South Africa’s languages IsiZulu is South Africa’s biggest language, spoken by almost a quarter (23%) of the population. Our other official languages are isiXhosa (spoken by 16%), Afrikaans (13.5%), English (10%), Sesotho sa Leboa (9%), Setswana and Sesotho (both 8%), Xitsonga (4.5%), siSwati and Tshivenda (both 2.5%), and isiNdebele (2%). English is an urban language of public life, widely used in the media, business and government. Out of the 4.9-million South Africans who speak English as a first language, a third (33%) are white, a quarter (24%) are black, 22% are Indian and 19% are coloured South Africans. English is widely used as a second language and common language of communication, mainly in the cities. Afrikaans is a version of Dutch that evolved out of a South Holland dialect brought here in the 1600s. Over the centuries it has picked up many influences from African languages, as well as from European colonial languages such as English, French and German. More than half (50.2%) of Afrikaans speakers are coloured, 40% are white, 9% black and just 1% Indian. Click to enlarge South Africa’s nine African official languages all fall into the Southern Bantu-Makua subfamily, part of the broad and branching Niger-Congo family of languages. The languages arrived here during the great expansion of Bantu-speaking people from West Africa eastwards and southwards into the rest of the continent. The expansion began in around 3000 BCE and was largely complete by 1000 CE. Like all languages in the Niger-Congo family they are tonal languages, in which either a high or low tone gives a word a different meaning. The nine African languages can be broadly divided in two: Nguni-Tsonga languages: isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, siSwati, Xitsonga Sotho-Makua-Venda languages: Sesotho, Sesotho sa Leboa, Setswana, Tshivenda Within the first group Xitsonga alone falls into the Tswa-Ronga subfamily, while isiZulu, isiXhosa, isNdebele and siSwati are Nguni languages. Similarly, Sesotho, Sesotho sa Leboa and Setswana are closely related Sotho languages, and Tshivenda something of a standalone in the Sotho-Makua-Venda subfamily. Multilingual South Africa South Africans are more than bilingual. A rough estimate based on Census 2001 first-language data and a 2002 study of second-languages speakers is that the average South African – man, woman and child – uses 2.84 languages. Obviously, many people are limited to one, and many others able to speak three, four or more languages. Click to enlarge English- and Afrikaans-speaking people (mostly coloured, Indian and white South Africans) tend not to have much ability in African languages, but are fairly fluent in each other’s language. Multilingualism is common among black South Africans. For this reason, South African censuses ask people which two languages they speak. The question in the 2011 Census was: Which two languages does (member of household) speak most often in this household? Thirteen options were given: South Africa’s 11 official languages, plus Sign Language, and “Other”. If a person did not speak a second language, that too was recorded. The contrast between first language and second language is shown in the maps at right. While the geographical pattern of dominant first languages neatly conforms to the facts of history and urbanisation, the picture of second languages is more complicated, more of a mess. The second map reveals a couple of things. The first is how few South Africans speak just one language. The second is that while English is the dominant first language only in the cities – Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban – it is widely used as a second language across the country. English is spread by the media and used as a common language of communication. But many South Africans are compelled to learn English, and often Afrikaans as well, simply to get a job and to work. These are often poorer people denied an adequate education. Elsewhere in the world the ability to speak many languages is a sign of sophistication. In South Africa, multilingualism – a complex undertaking, especially in languages from very different families – is a common achievement of the poor. Code-switching South Africa Language is fluid, especially in South Africa. Our languages are and have been for centuries in a constant swirl , mixed by work, migration, education, urbanisation, the places we live, friendship and marriage. Because of this, South Africans are a code-switching people. “Code switching” simply means using more than one language in a single conversation. Every adult South African does this at some time, even if they aren’t aware of it. Here’s an example overheard at a football match. IsiZulu is in regular type, Afrikaans in bold and English in italics: “I-Chiefs isidle nge-referee’s ngabe ihambe sleg. Maar why benga stopi this system ye-injury time?” A rough translation: “Chiefs [the football club] have won because the referee favoured them. Otherwise, they would have lost. But why is this system of injury time not stopped?” Influenced by the other languages spoken around them, all of South Africa’s languages change and grow all the time. Who speaks what? South Africa’s most recent census was in 2011. The following table gives a breakdown of first-language speakers, as recorded by the census. South Africa’s 11 official languages LanguageSubfamily1st language share1st language users2nd language usersAll users AfrikaansLow Franconian13.5%6.9 million10.3 million17.2 million EnglishWest Germanic9.6%4.9 million11.0 million15.9 million isiNdebeleNguni2.1%1.1 million1.4 million2.5 million isiXhosaNguni16%8.1 million11.0 million19.1 million isiZuluNguni22.7%11.6 million15.7 million27.3 million SesothoSotho-Tswana7.6%3.8 million7.9 million11.8 million Sesotho sa Leboa (Sepedi)Sotho-Tswana9.1%4.6 million9.1 million13.8 million SetswanaSotho-Tswana8%4.1 million7.7 million11.8 million siSwatiNguni2.5%1.3 million2.4 million3.7 million TshivendaSotho-Makua-Venda2.4%1.2 million1.7 million2.9 million XitsongaTswa-Ronga4.5%2.3 million3.4-million5.7 million Source: Constitution Source: Glottolog Source: Census 2011 Source: Census 2011 Source: Webb 2002Estimate The languages of the provinces The languages you hear in South Africa depend on where you are in the country. In the Eastern Cape isiXhosa is spoken by 80% of the population. IsiZulu is the largest language in both KwaZulu-Natal, where 78% speak it, and Gauteng, where it makes up 20% of languages. Sesotho is the language of the Free State, spoken by 64% people there. And so on … Watch: The main languages of each province are: Eastern Cape – isiXhosa (78.8%), Afrikaans (10.6%) Free State – Sesotho (64.2%), Afrikaans (12.7%) Gauteng – isiZulu (19.8%), English (13.3%), Afrikaans (12.4%), Sesotho (11.6%) KwaZulu-Natal – isiZulu (77.8%), English (13.2%) Limpopo – Sesotho sa Leboa (52.9%), Xitsonga (17%), Tshivenda (16.7%) Mpumalanga – siSwati (27.7%), isiZulu (24.1%), Xitsonga (10.4%), isiNdebele (10.1%) Northern Cape – Afrikaans (53.8%), Setswana (33.1%) North West – Setswana (63.4%), Afrikaans (9%) Western Cape – Afrikaans (49.7%), isiXhosa (24.7%), English (20.3%) The languages Unless otherwise indicated, all figures below are from Census 2011 and refer only to first language – the language spoken at home. Afrikaans Also known as: isiBhuru (isiNdebele), isiBhulu (isiXhosa), isiBhunu (isiZulu), siBhunu (siSwati), Seburu (Sesotho sa Leboa), Xibunu (Xitsonga) First-language users: 6,855,082 (13.5% of South Africans) Second-language users: 10,300,000 (2002 estimate) All users: 17,155,082 (estimate) Afrikaans evolved out of a 17th-century Dutch dialect introduced to South Africa in 1652 when the Dutch first colonised the Cape of Good Hope. Today it is the majority language of the Northern Cape. Afrikaans became an official language in South Africa with the Official Languages of the Union Act of 1925, which retroactively dated the language’s official status to 1910. The 6,855,082 South Africans who speak Afrikaans as a first language make up 13.5% of the country’s total population. More than half (50.2%) of these Afrikaans speakers are coloured, 39.5% white, 8.8% black, 0.9% Indian or Asian, and 0.6% other. More than three-quarters (75.8%) of coloured South Africans speak Afrikaans, as do almost two-thirds (60.8%) of whites. It is the home language of 4.6% of Indian or Asian people, and of 1.5% of black South Africans. Afrikaans and South Africa’s population groups BlackColouredIndian or AsianWhiteOtherAll Total population41,000,9384,615,4011,286,9304,586,838280,45451,770,560 Afrikaans speakers602,1663,442,16458,7002,710,46141,5916,855,082 Share of population1.5%75.8%4.6%60.8%15.2%13.5% Most Afrikaans speakers (41%) live in the Western Cape, and 21% in Gauteng. Ten percent of all Afrikaans speakers live in the Eastern Cape, 8.8% in the Northern Cape, and 5% in the Free State. Within the provinces, Afrikaans is the majority language in the Northern Cape (53.8%) and the Western Cape (49.7%). It makes up 12.7% of languages spoken in the Free State, 12.4% of Gauteng’s languages, 10.6% of languages in the Eastern Cape, 9% in North West, 7.2% in Mpumalanga, 2.6% in Limpopo and 1.6% in KwaZulu-Natal. Overview of South Africa’s languages IsiZulu is South Africa’s biggest language, spoken by almost a quarter (23%) of the population. Our other official languages are isiXhosa (spoken by 16%), Afrikaans (13.5%), English (10%), Sesotho sa Leboa (9%), Setswana and Sesotho (both 8%), Xitsonga (4.5%), siSwati and Tshivenda (both 2.5%), and isiNdebele (2%). English is an urban language of public life, widely used in the media, business and government. Out of the 4.9-million South Africans who speak English as a first language, a third (33%) are white, a quarter (24%) are black, 22% are Indian and 19% are coloured South Africans. English is widely used as a second language and common language of communication, mainly in the cities. Afrikaans is a version of Dutch that evolved out of a South Holland dialect brought here in the 1600s. Over the centuries it has picked up many influences from African languages, as well as from European colonial languages such as English, French and German. More than half (50.2%) of Afrikaans speakers are coloured, 40% are white, 9% black and just 1% Indian. Click to enlarge South Africa’s nine African official languages all fall into the Southern Bantu-Makua subfamily, part of the broad and branching Niger-Congo family of languages. The languages arrived here during the great expansion of Bantu-speaking people from West Africa eastwards and southwards into the rest of the continent. The expansion began in around 3000 BCE and was largely complete by 1000 CE. Like all languages in the Niger-Congo family they are tonal languages, in which either a high or low tone gives a word a different meaning. The nine African languages can be broadly divided in two: Nguni-Tsonga languages: isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, siSwati, Xitsonga Sotho-Makua-Venda languages: Sesotho, Sesotho sa Leboa, Setswana, Tshivenda Within the first group Xitsonga alone falls into the Tswa-Ronga subfamily, while isiZulu, isiXhosa, isNdebele and siSwati are Nguni languages. Similarly, Sesotho, Sesotho sa Leboa and Setswana are closely related Sotho languages, and Tshivenda something of a standalone in the Sotho-Makua-Venda subfamily. Multilingual South Africa South Africans are more than bilingual. A rough estimate based on Census 2001 first-language data and a 2002 study of second-languages speakers is that the average South African – man, woman and child – uses 2.84 languages. Obviously, many people are limited to one, and many others able to speak three, four or more languages. Click to enlarge English- and Afrikaans-speaking people (mostly coloured, Indian and white South Africans) tend not to have much ability in African languages, but are fairly fluent in each other’s language. Multilingualism is common among black South Africans. For this reason, South African censuses ask people which two languages they speak. The question in the 2011 Census was: Which two languages does (member of household) speak most often in this household? Thirteen options were given: South Africa’s 11 official languages, plus Sign Language, and “Other”. If a person did not speak a second language, that too was recorded. The contrast between first language and second language is shown in the maps at right. While the geographical pattern of dominant first languages neatly conforms to the facts of history and urbanisation, the picture of second languages is more complicated, more of a mess. The second map reveals a couple of things. The first is how few South Africans speak just one language. The second is that while English is the dominant first language only in the cities – Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban – it is widely used as a second language across the country. English is spread by the media and used as a common language of communication. But many South Africans are compelled to learn English, and often Afrikaans as well, simply to get a job and to work. These are often poorer people denied an adequate education. Elsewhere in the world the ability to speak many languages is a sign of sophistication. In South Africa, multilingualism – a complex undertaking, especially in languages from very different families – is a common achievement of the poor. Code-switching South Africa Language is fluid, especially in South Africa. Our languages are and have been for centuries in a constant swirl , mixed by work, migration, education, urbanisation, the places we live, friendship and marriage. Because of this, South Africans are a code-switching people. “Code switching” simply means using more than one language in a single conversation. Every adult South African does this at some time, even if they aren’t aware of it. Here’s an example overheard at a football match. IsiZulu is in regular type, Afrikaans in bold and English in italics: “I-Chiefs isidle nge-referee’s ngabe ihambe sleg. Maar why benga stopi this system ye-injury time?” A rough translation: “Chiefs [the football club] have won because the referee favoured them. Otherwise, they would have lost. But why is this system of injury time not stopped?” Influenced by the other languages spoken around them, all of South Africa’s languages change and grow all the time. Who speaks what? Watch: South Africa’s most recent census was in 2011. The following table gives a breakdown of first-language speakers, as recorded by the census. South Africa’s 11 official languages LanguageSubfamily1st language share1st language users2nd language usersAll users AfrikaansLow Franconian13.5%6.9 million10.3 million17.2 million EnglishWest Germanic9.6%4.9 million11.0 million15.9 million isiNdebeleNguni2.1%1.1 million1.4 million2.5 million isiXhosaNguni16%8.1 million11.0 million19.1 million isiZuluNguni22.7%11.6 million15.7 million27.3 million SesothoSotho-Tswana7.6%3.8 million7.9 million11.8 million Sesotho sa Leboa (Sepedi)Sotho-Tswana9.1%4.6 million9.1 million13.8 million SetswanaSotho-Tswana8%4.1 million7.7 million11.8 million siSwatiNguni2.5%1.3 million2.4 million3.7 million TshivendaSotho-Makua-Venda2.4%1.2 million1.7 million2.9 million XitsongaTswa-Ronga4.5%2.3 million3.4-million5.7 million Source: Constitution Source: Glottolog Source: Census 2011 Source: Census 2011 Source: Webb 2002Estimate The languages of the provinces The languages you hear in South Africa depend on where you are in the country. In the Eastern Cape isiXhosa is spoken by 80% of the population. IsiZulu is the largest language in both KwaZulu-Natal, where 78% speak it, and Gauteng, where it makes up 20% of languages. Sesotho is the language of the Free State, spoken by 64% people there. And so on … Watch: The main languages of each province are: Eastern Cape – isiXhosa (78.8%), Afrikaans (10.6%) Free State – Sesotho (64.2%), Afrikaans (12.7%) Gauteng – isiZulu (19.8%), English (13.3%), Afrikaans (12.4%), Sesotho (11.6%) KwaZulu-Natal – isiZulu (77.8%), English (13.2%) Limpopo – Sesotho sa Leboa (52.9%), Xitsonga (17%), Tshivenda (16.7%) Mpumalanga – siSwati (27.7%), isiZulu (24.1%), Xitsonga (10.4%), isiNdebele (10.1%) Northern Cape – Afrikaans (53.8%), Setswana (33.1%) North West – Setswana (63.4%), Afrikaans (9%) Western Cape – Afrikaans (49.7%), isiXhosa (24.7%), English (20.3%) The languages Unless otherwise indicated, all figures below are from Census 2011 and refer only to first language – the language spoken at home. Afrikaans Also known as: isiBhuru (isiNdebele), isiBhulu (isiXhosa), isiBhunu (isiZulu), siBhunu (siSwati), Seburu (Sesotho sa Leboa), Xibunu (Xitsonga) First-language users: 6,855,082 (13.5% of South Africans) Second-language users: 10,300,000 (2002 estimate) All users: 17,155,082 (estimate) Afrikaans evolved out of a 17th-century Dutch dialect introduced to South Africa in 1652 when the Dutch first colonised the Cape of Good Hope. Today it is the majority language of the Northern Cape. Afrikaans became an official language in South Africa with the Official Languages of the Union Act of 1925, which retroactively dated the language’s official status to 1910. The 6,855,082 South Africans who speak Afrikaans as a first language make up 13.5% of the country’s total population. More than half (50.2%) of these Afrikaans speakers are coloured, 39.5% white, 8.8% black, 0.9% Indian or Asian, and 0.6% other. More than three-quarters (75.8%) of coloured South Africans speak Afrikaans, as do almost two-thirds (60.8%) of whites. It is the home language of 4.6% of Indian or Asian people, and of 1.5% of black South Africans. Afrikaans and South Africa’s population groups BlackColouredIndian or AsianWhiteOtherAll Total population41,000,9384,615,4011,286,9304,586,838280,45451,770,560 Afrikaans speakers602,1663,442,16458,7002,710,46141,5916,855,082 Share of population1.5%75.8%4.6%60.8%15.2%13.5% Most Afrikaans speakers (41%) live in the Western Cape, and 21% in Gauteng. Ten percent of all Afrikaans speakers live in the Eastern Cape, 8.8% in the Northern Cape, and 5% in the Free State. Within the provinces, Afrikaans is the majority language in the Northern Cape (53.8%) and the Western Cape (49.7%). It makes up 12.7% of languages spoken in the Free State, 12.4% of Gauteng’s languages, 10.6% of languages in the Eastern Cape, 9% in North West, 7.2% in Mpumalanga, 2.6% in Limpopo and 1.6% in KwaZulu-Natal. English Also known as: Engels (Afrikaans), isiNgisi (isiNdebele and isiZulu), isiNgesi (isiXhosa), Senyesemane (Sesotho), Seisemane (Sesotho sa Leboa), siNgisi (siSwati), Xinghezi (Xitsonga) First-language users: 4,892,623 (9.6% of South Africans) Second-language users: 11,000,000 (2002 estimate) All users: 15,892,623 (estimate) English is a prominent language in South African public life, widely used in government, business and the media. As a first language it is mainly confined to the cities. In 1910 English and Dutch were declared the official languages of the new Union of South Africa. English has retained this official status ever since. The 4,892,623 South Africans who speak English as a first language make up 9.6% of the country’s total population. Among first-language English speakers, 32.8% are white, 23.9% black, 22.4% Indian and 19.3% coloured. The majority (86.1%) of Indian South Africans speak English as their home language, as do over a third (35.9%) of whites. It is the first language of 20.8% of coloured people, and of 2.9% of black South Africans. English and South Africa’s population groups BlackColouredIndian or AsianWhiteOtherAll Total population40,413,4084,541,3581,271,1584,461,409274,11150,961,443 English speakers1,167,913945,8471,094,3171,603,57580,9714,892,623 Share of population2.9%20.8%86.1%35.9%29.5%9.6% The largest number of English speakers are in Gauteng – 1.6-million people, or a third (32.8%) of all English-speaking South Africans. Over a quarter (27.3%) live in KwaZulu-Natal, 23.5% in the Western Cape, and 7.4% in the Eastern Cape. English is a minority language within all nine provinces. It is the second-largest language in both the Western Cape (after Afrikaans) and Gauteng (after isiZulu). In the Western Cape it is spoken by 20.2% of the population, and in Gauteng by 13.3%. English is minimally spoken in the other provinces. Read more: The online dictionary of South African English isiNdebele Also known as: Ndebele, Southern Ndebele, Ndzundza, isiKhethu First-language users: 1,090,233 (2.1% of South Africans) Second-language users: 1,400,000 (2002 estimate) All users: 2,490,233 (estimate) IsiNdebele is the least spoken of South Africa’s 11 official languages, and confined mainly to Mpumalanga and Gauteng. It is an Nguni language, like isiZulu, isiXhosa and siSwati. Also called Southern Ndebele, it is not to be confused with Northern Ndebele, more commonly known as Matabele, which is closer to isiZulu and an official language of Zimbabwe. The 1,090,223 South Africans who speak isiNdebele as a first language make up just 2.1% of the country’s total population. Among first-language isiNdebele speakers, 97% are black, 0.9% Indian or Asian, 0.8% coloured, 0.8% white and 0.5% other. IsiNdebele is spoken by 2.6% of black South Africans – fewer than the 2.9% who speak English at home. It is barely spoken by other population groups, being the home language of 0.2% of both the coloured and white population, and 0.8% of Indian or Asian people. It is also spoken by 2.1% of people who describe themselves as “other”. IsiNdebele and South Africa’s population groups BlackColouredIndian or AsianWhiteOtherAll Total population40,413,4084,541,3581,271,1584,461,409274,11150,961,443 IsiNdebele speakers1,057,7818,2259,8158,6115,7911,090,223 Share of population2.6%0.2%0.8%0.2%2.1%2.1% Most isiNdebele speakers (37%) live in Mpumalanga, followed by Gauteng (34.9%), KwaZulu-Natal (10.2%), Limpopo (9.6%) and North West (4%). IsiNdebele is a minority language in all the provinces. It is spoken by 10.1% of the population of Mpumalanga and 3.2% of Gautengers. isiXhosa Also known as: Xhosa First-language users: 8,154,258 Second-language users: 11,000,000 (2002 estimate) All users: 19,154,258 (estimate) The dominant language of the Eastern Cape, isiXhosa is also the second-largest language in South Africa after isiZulu. It is an Nguni language, like isiNdebele, isiZulu and siSwati, but also shows some influence from the Khoekhoe languages. The 8,154,258 South Africans who speak isiXhosa as a first language make up 16% of the country’s total population. Among first-language isiXhosa speakers, 99.4% are black, 0.3% coloured, 0.2% white and 0.1% Indian or Asian. Among the population groups, isiXhosa is spoken by 20.1% of black South Africans, the second-largest share after isiZulu. It is the home language of 0.6% of coloured people, 0.4% of Indians, 0.3% of whites and 1.9% of people who describe themselves as “other”. IsiXhosa and South Africa’s population groups BlackColouredIndian or AsianWhiteOtherAll Total population40,413,4084,541,3581,271,1584,461,409274,11150,961,443 IsiXhosa speakers8,104,75225,3405,34213,6415,1828,154,258 Share of population20.1%0.6%0.4%0.3%1.9%16% Close to two-thirds (62.4%) of first-language isiXhosa speakers live in the Eastern Cape, and 17.2% in the Western Cape. About a tenth (9.8%) of all isiXhosa speakers live in Gauteng. Within the provinces, isiXhosa is the majority language in the Eastern Cape, where its 5,092,152 first-language users make up 78.8% of the population. In the Western Cape a quarter (24.7%) of the population speaks isiXhosa. IsiXhosa is spoken by 7.5% of people in the Free State, 6.6% in Gauteng, 5.5% in North West, and 5.3% in the Northern Cape. isiZulu Also known as: Zulu First-language users: 11,587,374 (22.7% of the population) Second-language users: 15,700,000 (2002 estimate) All users: 27,300,000 (estimate) IsiZulu is the most widely spoken language in South Africa, the first language of close to a quarter of the population. It is the dominant language of KwaZulu-Natal. Like isiNdebele, isiXhosa and siSwati, isiZulu is an Nguni language. The 11,587,374 South Africans who speak isiZulu as their home language make up 22.7% of the country’s total population. A full 99.4% of first-language isiZulu speakers are black, 0.2% coloured, 0.1% white and 0.1% Indian or Asian. IsiZulu is spoken by 28.5% of black South Africans, more than any other language. It is the home language of 1.3% of Indian or Asian people, 0.5% of coloureds, 0.4% of whites and 4.1% of people who describe themselves as “other”. IsiZulu and South Africa’s population groups BlackColouredIndian or AsianWhiteOtherAll Total population40,413,4084,541,3581,271,1584,461,409274,11150,961,443 IsiZulu speakers11,519,23423,79716,69916,45811,18611,587,374 Share of population28.5%0.5%1.3%0.4%4.1%22.7% Over two-thirds (68.2%) of isiZulu-speaking South Africans live in KwaZulu-Natal, and more than a fifth (20.6% in Gauteng). Some 8.3% of all isiZulu speakers live in Mpumalanga, which borders KwaZulu-Natal to the northwest. The rest are thinly spread across the other provinces. Within the provinces, isiZulu is spoken by over three-quarters (77.8%) of the population of KwaZulu-Natal, and nearly a quarter (24.1%) of the people of Mpumalanga. Almost a fifth (19.8%) of Gautengers speak isiZulu. It is a small minority language in the rest of the provinces. Sesotho Also known as: Southern Sotho First-language users: 3,798,915 (7.6% of the population) Second-language users: 7,900,000 (2002 estimate) All users: 11,698,915 (estimate) Sesotho is the language of the Free State, and the first language of 3,798,915 South Africans, or 7.6% of the total population. It is one of the three Sotho languages, with Sesotho sa Leboa and Setswana. A full 98.7% of first-language Sesotho speakers are black, 0.6% coloured, 0.5% white and 0.1% Indian or Asian. Sesotho is spoken by just under a tenth (9.4%) of black South Africans. It is the home language of 0.5% of coloured people, of 0.4% of both white and Indian/Asian people, and of 1.7% of the people who describe themselves as “other”. Sesotho and South Africa’s population groups BlackColouredIndian or AsianWhiteOtherAll South Africa’s population40,413,4084,541,3581,271,1584,461,409274,11150,961,443 Sesotho speakers3,798,91523,2305,26917,4914,6573,849,563 Share of population9.4%0.5%0.4%0.4%1.7%7.6% Most (44.6%) Sesotho speakers live in the Free State. The inner curve of this bean-shaped province fits around the northwest border of Lesotho, a country where Sesotho and English are the official languages. Over a third (36.2%) of all Sesotho-speaking South Africans live in Gauteng. Some 5.2% live in North West. Within the provinces, Sesotho is spoken by close to two-thirds (64.2%) of the population of the Free State, over a tenth (11.6%) of Gauteng, and by 5.8% of people living in North West. Sesotho sa Leboa (Sepedi) Also known as: Northern Sotho First-language users: 4,618,576 (9.1% of the population) Second-language users: 9,100,000 (2002 estimate) All users: 13,518,576 (estimate) Sesotho sa Leboa or Sepedi? The 1993 interim Constitution named the language Sesotho sa Leboa. It was then changed to Sepedi in the final Constitution of 1996 . Debate on the right name continues . Most language experts, as well as speakers of the language , consider Sesotho sa Leboa to be the correct name, and Sepedi to be a dialect. In a study of the language policy of six South African universities, five used Sesotho sa Leboa and one Sepedi. But both the Department of Basic Education and Statistics South Africa use Sepedi as the language’s name. Sesotho sa Leboa is South Africa’s third-largest African language (after isiZulu and isiXhosa), and mainly spoken in Limpopo. Like Sesotho and Setswana, it is a Sotho language. Sesotho sa Leboa is the first language of 4,618,576 people, or 9.1% of the total population. A full 99.7% of first-language Sesotho sa Leboa speakers are black, 0.1% coloured, 0.1% white and 0.1% Indian or Asian. Sesotho sa Leboa is spoken by 11.4% of black South Africans. It is the home language of just 0.2% of Indians, 0.1% of coloureds, 0.1% of whites and 0.6% of people who describe themselves as “other”. Sesotho sa Leboa and South Africa’s population groups BlackColouredIndian or AsianWhiteOtherAll Total population40,413,4084,541,3581,271,1584,461,409274,11150,961,443 Sesotho sa Leboa speakers4,602,4595,6422,9435,9171,6164,618,576 Share of population11.4%0.1%0.2%0.1%0.6%9.1% Nearly two-thirds of (61.2%) of all Sesotho sa Leboa speakers live in Limpopo, over a quarter (27.8%) in Gauteng and 8.1% in Mpumalanga. The rest of the language’s speakers are scattered around the country. Within the provinces, Sesotho sa Leboa is spoken by more than half (52.9%) the people of Limpopo, 10.6% of those in Gauteng, and 9.3% of Mpumalanga’s population. Setswana Also known as: Tswana, Sechuana, Chuana First-language users: 4,067,248 (8% of the population) Second-language users: 7,700,000 (2002 estimate) All users: 11,767,248 (estimate) The language of North West and its neighbouring country of Botswana, Setswana is the Tswanaic language in the Sotho-Tswana subfamily, which it shares with Sesotho and Sesotho sa Leboa. Its 3,996,951 speakers make up 8% of South Africa’s population. Some 98.3% of Setswana speakers are black, 1% coloured, 0.1% Indian or Asian and 0.1% white. Setswana is spoken by 9.9% of black South Africans, making it the third-largest language in the population group. It is the first language of 0.9% of coloured people, 0.4% of both Indians and whites, and 2.4% of people who describe themselves as “other”. Setswana and South Africa’s population groups BlackColouredIndian or AsianWhiteOtherAll Total population40,413,4084,541,3581,271,1584,461,409274,11150,961,443 Setswana speakers3,996,95140,3514,91718,3586,6714,067,248 Share of population9.9%0.9%0.4%0.4%2.4%8.0% Over a half (52.9%) of Setswana speakers live in North West, a quarter (26.9%) in Gauteng, and close on a tenth (9.2%) in the Northern Cape. Both North West and the Northern Cape lie on the border of Botswana, where 79% of the population speak Setswana. Within the provinces, Setswana is spoken by nearly two-thirds (63.4%) of the population of North West, a third (33.1%) of the Northern Cape’s people, by 9.1% of Gauteng’s population and 5.2% of the Free State’s. siSwati Also known as: Swati, Swazi First-language users: 1,297,046 (2.5% of the population) Second-language users: 2,400,000 (2002 estimate) All users: 3,697,046 (estimate) SiSwati is mostly spoken in Mpumalanga, which along its curved eastern border almost encircles the country of Swaziland. SiSwati is an Nguni language, like isiNdebele, isiXhosa and isiZulu. The 1,297,046 people who speak siSwati are just 2.5% of South Africa’s population, making it the country’s third-smallest language. Among first-language siSwati speakers, 99.3% are black, 0.3% coloured, 0.2% white and 0.1% Indian or Asian. In the population as a whole, siSwati is spoken by 3.2% of black South Africans, by around 0.1% of the other population groups, and by 0.5% of people who describe themselves as “other”. SiSwati and South Africa’s population groups BlackColouredIndian or AsianWhiteOtherAll Total population40,413,4084,541,3581,271,1584,461,409274,11150,961,443 SiSwati speakers1,288,1564,0561,2172,2991,320234,655 Share of population3.2%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.5%2.5% Most siSwati speakers live in Mpumalanga – 85.3% of its total users and the highest provincial concentration of any language. Another tenth (10.5%) live in Gauteng, and the rest are scattered mainly over the northern parts of the country. Within the provinces, sisSwati is spoken by 27.7% of the total population of Mpumalanga, and just 1.1% of Gautengers. Tshivenda Also known as: Venda, Chivenda First-language users: 1,209,388 (2.4% of the population) Second-language users: 1,700,000 (2002 estimate) All users: 2,909,388 (estimate) Tshivenda is something of a standalone among South Africa’s major African languages, falling into the broader Sotho-Makua-Venda subfamily but not part of the Sotho group. It is mostly spoken in the far northeast of Limpopo. The 1,209,388 South Africans who speak Tshivenda are just 2.4% of the country’s population, making it the second-smallest language after isiNdebele. A full 99.4% of first-language Tshivenda speakers are black, 0.2% coloured, 0.2% white and 0.1% Indian or Asian. Tshivenda is spoken by 3% of black South Africans, by just 0.1% of the other population groups, and by 0.5% of people who describe themselves as “other”. Tshivenda and South Africa’s population groups BlackColouredIndian or AsianWhiteOtherAll Total population40,413,4084,541,3581,271,1584,461,409274,11150,961,443 Tshivenda speakers1,201,5882,8478102,8891,2541,297,046 Share of population3.0%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.5%2.4 Three quarters (73.8%) of Tshivenda speakers live in Limpopo, giving the language the second-highest provincial concentration after siSwati. A further 22.5% of Tshivenda speakers live in Gauteng. Within the provinces, Tshivenda is spoken by 16.7% of the population of Limpopo, and 2.3% of the population of Gauteng. Xitsonga Also known as: Tsonga, Shangaan, Shangana, Vatsonga First-language users: 2,277,148 (4.5% of the population) Second-language users: 3,400,000 (2002 estimate) All users: 5,677,148 (estimate) Xitsonga is a minority language concentrated along South Africa’s northeast border with the country of Mozambique, where it is also spoken. Within the broader Nguni-Tsonga language subfamily which it shares with isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu and siSwati, it alone falls into the Tswa-Ronga group, while the other languages are Nguni. The 2,277,148 South Africans who speak Xitsonga as their home language make up 4.5% of the country’s total population. A full 99.1% of first-language Xitsonga speakers are black, 0.2% white, 0.1% coloured and 0.1% Indian or Asian. Xitsonga is spoken by 5.6% of black South Africans, 0.2% of Indians, 0.1% of whites, 0.05% of coloureds and 3.9% of people who describe themselves as “other”. Xitsonga and South Africa’s population groups BlackColouredIndian or AsianWhiteOtherAll Total population40,413,4084,541,3581,271,1584,461,409274,11150,961,443 Xitsonga speakers2,257,7712,2682,5063,98710,6161,209,388 Share of population5.6%0.05%0.2%0.09%3.9%4.5% Nearly two-fifths (39.8%) of Xitsonga-speaking South Africans live in Limpopo, over a third (35%) in Gauteng, 18.3% in Mpumalanga and 5.6% in North West. Within the provinces, Xitsonga is spoken by 17% of the population of Limpopo, 10.4% of Mpumalanga and 6.6% of the people in Gauteng. Sources and notes Glottolog – Comprehensive reference information for the world’s languages, especially the lesser known languages. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 Statistics South Africa Census 2011 Adrian Frith: Census 2011 Ethnologue: Languages of South Africa , 20th edition data (2017) Pharos South African Multilingual Dictionary (2014) ISBN 9781868901975 Language in South Africa: The role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development (2002)

Brief history of South Africa and why it has three capital cities Tracing the historical tapestry of South Africa reveals a complex narrative of migration, colonization, struggle, and rebirth. This story is not only about the diverse peoples and cultures that have shaped the nation but also about its unique political landscape, epitomized by its having three capital cities: Cape Town, Pretoria, and Bloemfontein, with the Constitutional Court in Johannesburg. This arrangement, a testament to the country’s multifaceted history, serves as a symbol of its ongoing quest for unity and balance. In the article below, World History Edu delves into the brief history of South Africa and the rationale behind its three capital cities. Early History The history of South Africa begins long before the arrival of Europeans, with its indigenous peoples—the San and Khoikhoi (collectively Khoisan), Zulus, Xhosas, and various other groups—each with their distinct cultures and societies. The first significant European contact came in 1652 when the Dutch East India Company established a supply station at what is now Cape Town, marking the beginning of European colonization. Colonial Era Over the centuries, the Cape Colony expanded, displacing the indigenous Khoisan and later, through the Great Trek in the 1830s, encountering and often clashing with other African groups. The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1886 drew British interest, leading to the Anglo-Zulu War and the Anglo-Boer Wars, reflecting the tension between the British Empire and the Afrikaner (Dutch-descended) settlers, known as Boers. Union of South Africa The British victory in the SecondAnglo-Boer War ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging in 1902, leading to the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910. This union merged the Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and the Orange Free State . It was a significant moment, symbolizing the unity of English and Afrikaner populations under a single national identity, albeit within a framework that entrenched white minority rule over the majority black population. Apartheid Era The National Party’s electoral victory in 1948 ushered in the era of apartheid, a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination that severely restricted the rights of the majority black inhabitants, while consolidating power within the white minority. Apartheid, meaning “apartness” in Afrikaans, was formalized in 1948, institutionalizing racial segregation and discrimination. Laws defined racial groups and controlled the movement and rights of non-white South Africans. Image: An apartheid sign, written in both Afrikaans and English. Resistance to apartheid was met with harsh repression, symbolized by events such as the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960 and the Soweto Uprising in 1976. International pressure and internal dissent, including from Nelson Mandela ’s African National Congress, eventually led to negotiations to end apartheid. Apartheid in South Africa: Origin and Meaning Did you know…? South Africa stands out in Africa as one of the few countries never to have experienced a coup d’état. This distinction can be attributed to its long history of regular electoral processes, which have been in place for more than a century. The nation’s political stability is also rooted in its foundation, composed of four traditional colonies: Cape Province, Natal, the Orange River Colony, and Transvaal. These regions coalesced to form a unified state, navigating through complex political landscapes without resorting to military takeovers. End of Apartheid and Beyond The release of Nelson Mandela in 1990 marked the beginning of the end for apartheid. Subsequent negotiations led to the first multiracial elections in 1994, which were won by the African National Congress, making Mandela the country’s first black president. South Africa embarked on a path of reconciliation and reconstruction, addressing the inequalities and divisions of the past. Nelson Mandela’s role in the fight against apartheid in South Africa The apartheid regime began to crumble in the late 1980s under internal and international pressure. Image: A photo of Alan Paton, a staunch South African anti-apartheid activist. Why Three Capitals? At the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, there was significant debate over the location of the capital. Each region had its own preferred city, reflective of its historical, political, and economic importance. Pretoria – Chosen as the administrative capital, it was significant to the Boers and housed the Union Buildings, the official seat of the South African government and the office of the president. Cape Town – Became the legislative capital, hosting the Parliament of South Africa. Its historical significance as the initial point of European settlement in South Africa made it a logical choice. Bloemfontein – Selected as the judicial capital, it was central and had historical importance to the Afrikaner people. The Supreme Court of Appeal is located here. This arrangement was a strategic move to appease various factions within South Africa by distributing power and acknowledging the country’s multifaceted identity. It must also be noted that South Africa’s unique arrangement of having three capital cities is recognized by the United Nations. Following the transition to a non-racial democracy in 1994, discussions emerged about consolidating governmental functions in Pretoria or establishing a new capital, akin to Washington D.C. or Brasilia, to symbolize a break from colonial and apartheid pasts. Proposals by some ANC (African National Congress) leaders to build a new capital aimed to shed the remnants of oppression and start anew. However, the idea of a single or new capital faced resistance due to the desire to maintain the established balance and recognition of the symbolic and practical importance of each capital. Moreover, the government faced pressing challenges, such as improving infrastructure, education, health, and sanitation, which took precedence over the monumental task of relocating the capital. By distributing the main branches of government across different cities, South Africa aimed to promote unity and prevent any single region from dominating the country’s political landscape. Johannesburg: South Africa’s Economic Heartbeat The Constitutional Court’s placement in Johannesburg, South Africa’s largest and economically most powerful city, in the post-apartheid era, added a fourth dimension to the country’s governance landscape. Image: The city of Johannesburg. While not a capital city, Johannesburg’s significance cannot be overlooked. It is the economic powerhouse of South Africa, home to the Johannesburg Stock Exchange and major international companies. The Constitutional Court, South Africa’s highest court on constitutional matters, is also located here, underscoring the city’s importance despite it not being a capital. Did you know…? Bloemfontein, established as the capital of the Orange Free State in 1854, was selected as the judicial capital due to its central location, which symbolically and practically positioned it as the heart of the country’s legal system. The city’s name, meaning “fountain of flowers” in Dutch, reflects its pleasant aesthetic and central role. Pretoria’s history as a center for foreign embassies, governmental departments, and as the site where the peace treaty ending the First Boer War was signed, underscored its importance. Its proximity to Johannesburg, South Africa’s economic hub, further solidified its status as a key city in the nation’s governance. Cape Town’s role as the legislative capital is rooted in its deep historical significance. As a crucial stopover on the spice trade route from the 15th century and later as a way-station established by the Dutch East India Company in the 1650s, Cape Town has been at the forefront of South Africa’s history. Serving as the capital of the British Cape Province since 1840, its selection maintained continuity with its long-standing administrative role. Historical Place In South Africa District Six Museum Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa The District Six Museum is dedicated to the history of District Six, an area destroyed during the Apartheid. Peta Stamper About District Six Museum The District Six Museum in Cape Town, South Africa is a museum which serves as a memorial to and celebration of District Six, immersing visitors in what was a thriving community destroyed during the Apartheid. Today, the District Six Museum offers guided tours of District Six (often with ex-residents) but note these must be booked in advance. Other exhibitions are located at the District Six Museum Homecoming Centre; specifically sports exhibitions on local and international football, focusing on apartheid and its effects on the sport and the lives of the people that played it. District Six Museum history The District Six Foundation was established in 1989 and shortly after joined by the museum in 1994. Together, the institutions formed a memorial to the forced movement of around 60,000 inhabitants of varying backgrounds during South Africa’s Apartheid in the 1960s. The museum itself had been an old Methodist church. The area of District Six was originally populated by freed enslaved people after abolition in 1833, and made up a tenth of Cape Town’s population. The neighbourhood was a community of former slaves, artisans, merchants as well as immigrants and Malay people brought by the Dutch East India Company . As part of the apartheid movement, however, Cape Town declared the district a ‘whites only’ area in 1966, and demolition began soon afterwards. By 1982, over 60,000 people had been forcibly relocated to the bleak Cape Flats area, around 25 kilometres away. District Six Museum today Today, you can walk the museum floor covered by a large map of the district and accompanied by hand-written notes from former inhabitants about where they used to live. The museum’s collections also features old traffic signs, exhibits that explain historical events and explore the lives of families living in the area that was demolished. Additionally, the District Six Museum offers programmes to help develop the district: the museum is dedicated to constructing new housing, environmental planning as well as supporting cultural activities such as music and literature. Getting to the District Six Museum If using public transport around Cape Town, then buses 103, 104 and 111 all stop at Lower Buitenkant just a minute’s walk from the District Six Museum. The 102 and 113 buses stop along Darling Street nearby. For those driving, the museum is located near the waterfront just off the motorways 1 and 2 at exits 3 and 2. Apartheid Museum Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa The Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg tells the story of South Africa’s apartheid regime and how it eventually fell. Antara Bate About Apartheid Museum The Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg chronicles the history of apartheid in South Africa and the struggle for human rights which ended this regime of racial segregation. Apartheid Museum history From 1948, when the National Party came to power, until 1994 South Africa had a series of racially discriminatory laws which oppressed certain races, particularly anybody of non-white descent. People were categorised according to their race and those who were not white were treated as second class citizens. This was the period known as the Apartheid. The Apartheid Museum opened in 2001 and is acknowledged as the pre-eminent museum in the world dealing with 20th century South Africa, at the heart of which is the apartheid story. The Apartheid Museum, the first of its kind, illustrates the rise and fall of apartheid. An architectural consortium, comprising several leading architectural firms, conceptualised the design of the building on a seven-hectare stand. The exhibits have been assembled and organised by a multi-disciplinary team of curators, filmmakers, historians and designers. They include provocative film footage, photographs, text panels and artefacts illustrating the events and human stories. The museum is registered as a Public Benefit Company with an independent board of trustees. Apartheid Museum today Through its twenty-two exhibition areas, comprising original artefacts, information panels and multimedia presentations including films, the Apartheid Museum provides an in-depth insight into life under the apartheid regime. It also looks at the gradual campaign against the apartheid and the struggle for equal rights led by Nelson Mandela, the country’s eventual president. The exhibits include permanent exhibits, temporary exhibits and a specific Mandela exhibit dedicated to the influential figure. The sheer volume of information can make it an overwhelming experience; particularly distressing is a small chamber in which hang 131 nooses, representative of the 131 government opponents who were executed under antiterrorism laws. Getting to the Apartheid Museum The museum is located 8km south of the city centre, just off the M1 freeway. The site is less than half an hour away from central Johannesburg by bus. Robben Island Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa Dutch for ‘seal island’, Robben Island is one of the world’s most famous prisons and is best known as the home to not one but three former South African presidents, Kgalema Motlanthe, Jacob Zuma and for 18 of his 27 years of incarceration, Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela. About Robben Island Robben Island, off the coast of Cape Town in South Africa was a notorious prison, best known for its internment of political prisoners during South African apartheid. Its most famous prisoner – prisoner 466/64 – was Nelson Mandela, the anti-apartheid activist who would later become the country’s president. History of Robben Island Robben Island was used as a prison as far back as the 17th century, when the Dutch settled on the mainland. Since then, it has been used as a World War Two military base to protect the city of Cape Town (resulting in the construction of artillery batteries, fortifications, and an airstrip) and a 19th century hospital for the seriously ill, such as patients with leprosy. However, whatever its other uses, Robben Island was used as a prison in one measure or another until the 20th century. Even in its time as a hospital Robben Island was prison-like, its isolation ensuring that diseases could not be spread to the mainland. Furthermore, prisoners were kept here even whilst it housed the hospital. From 1961, the South African government used Robben Island as a prison, housing many political prisoners. In all, Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for almost 27 years, many of them at Robben Island, together with many other anti-apartheid activists. Robben Island’s prison closed in 1996. Robben Island today Today, Robben Island is a UNESCO World Heritage historic site and a museum. A visit to Robben Island is by way of a standardised 3.5 hour guided tour (time includes two 30min ferry rides). In addition to touring the maximum security prison buildings, the tour includes a 45 minute guided bus ride around the island and interaction with a former Robben Island prisoner. There is also a small penguin colony on the island. A visit to Robben Island provides a fascinating insight into the island’s history and that of South Africa. It is worth noting however that tours can get fairly crowded, so book ahead. There are also exhibits at the Nelson Mandela Gateway museum, worth seeing, especially if you can’t make it to the Island. Getting to Robben Island Located 7.2 miles from the mainland (8.2 miles from Cape Town), the only way to get to Robben Island is by ferry. This departs from Nelson Mandela Gateway, Clock Tower Precinct at the V&A Waterfront in Cape Town – visitors disembark and re-embark at Murray’s Bay Harbour situated on the east coast of the Island. The ferry is included in the price of the ticket. Constitution Hill About Perched above Johannesburg, Constitution Hill offers a captivating glimpse into South Africa's past. This former prison complex is now home to the Number Four museum, the Women's Gaol museum, and the Old Fort museum. Once called The Fort, it gained notoriety for its harsh treatment of political prisoners and common criminals. Notable figures like Nelson Mandela and Mahatma Gandhi were once held here. Exploring this site provides a thought-provoking experience that sheds light on the country's history. Mentioned on articles The story of the tumultuous history of South Africa and its remarkable transition to democracy can be told nowhere, as it is at Constitution Hill. Constitutional hill is the birthplace of the Constitutional Court of South Africa-the nation’s highest court in constitutional affairs and a National Heritage of the Johannesburg CBD. Once South African leaders of the political activists, Nelson Mandela and Mahatma Gandhi included, had been detained in an environment of poverty and violence, the site became a place of unity and democracy, a home for the Women’s Gaol, the Number Four Museum and the Old Fort Museum. Constitution Hill, a once notorious prison under the Apartheid regime, is now the location of the South Africa’s Constitutional Court. With the prison complex still intact, you will be able to learn more about the lives of political prisoners and South Africa’s turbulent history in a visual and engaging way. You will be able to enter the Constitutional Court (if there aren’t any formal proceedings underway), soak up the atmosphere and marvel at the impressive artworks and artefacts contributed by famous artists and activists. Attractions such as the Apartheid Museum, Gold Reef City and Constitution Hill offer snapshots into these important Jo'burg attributes, while other sites like Nelson Mandela Square and the Mandela House remind locals and visitors about the monumental impact Mandela had on the city. However, Johannesburg doesn't just focus on the past. Since apartheid, the city has evolved into a vibrant urban center, thanks in part to its trendy fashion boutiques, hip music, bohemian art and array of international cuisine. Overlooking the city of Johannesburg, Constitution Hill is a former prison, which provides fascinating insight into South Africa's history. At the site, you can explore provocative exhibits at the Number Four museum, the Women's Gaol museum, and the Old Fort museum. Together, the precinct was once known as The Fort, and it forged a reputation for its brutal treatment of political prisoners, Rissik Street Post Office (1897) About Rissik Street Post Office (1897) was once the tallest building in the city, symbolizing institutional power. Today, it stands as a charred remnant of its former grandeur. After being abandoned by postal services in 1996, there were attempts to sell it to a Malaysian hotel developer for R35-million, but the deal collapsed. This historic landmark holds great significance in Johannesburg's history and heritage. Highlighted reviews Mentioned on articles When the post office was built it was the tallest building in the city and an imposing marker of institutional power. It now stands as a burnt shell of it’s former self. Two years after the already poorly maintained building was deserted by postal services in 1996 it was almost sold for R35-million to a Malaysian hotel developer but the deal fell through. Dutch architect Sytze Wierda played a massive role in shaping both Pretoria and Johannesburg as the appointed designer and engineer under president Paul Kruger. His most notable work is the Rissik Street Post Office. The building as it is today is not the original since most of it burned down during a massive fire in 2009. If for any reason none appear click here for some troubleshooting tips. If you would like to post a comment and need assistance click here. Irrelevant and inappropriate comments will be removed by the moderator. The Rissik Street Post Office, built in 1897 (and declared a national monument in 1978), remains a fine example of Victorian architectural finesse. Hillbrow Tower About Hillbrow Tower, the tallest structure in Johannesburg standing at 269 meters, is owned by Telkom and serves as a microwave tower. It offers panoramic views of the city and its surroundings. Menu and popular items Garden Mentioned on articles The Hillbrow Tower is a tall tower located in the suburb of Hillbrow in Johannesburg, South Africa. At 269 m, it has been the tallest structure and tower in Africa for 40 years, and it was also the tallest structure in the Southern Hemisphere until 1978, when surpassed by the 270m Mount Isa Chimney in Queensland, Australia. Construction of the tower began in June 1968 and was completed three years later, in April 1971. Hillbrow Tower is a 269m stunning tower that was known to be South Africa’s tallest structure and tower for 40 years. This was also ranked as the first Grey area of South Africa where blacks and whites could live together. Hillbrow Tower is also considered to be one of Johannesburg’s two iconic towers that are used to identify the Johannesburg skyline and many famous events also took place here in 2012 and 2013. The Hillbrow Tower is the highest structure in Johannesburg, and is probably the city's most recognisable landmark. The Hillbrow Tower was previously known as the JG Strijdom Tower. It was built over three years, between June 1968 and April 1971, and is 269m high. This is the highest structure of Johannesburg, 269 metres, and is owned by Telkom and is used as a microwave tower. Big Hole Complex During a visit to the Big Hole in Kimberley, South Africa you will not only see the largest man made hole in the world but also the largest diamond display in the world. Various displays will introduce you to the world of diamond mining and all aspects of diamonds as well as the history of diamonds in South Africa. On show is also the Old Town witch will give you an idea of what Kimberley looked like more than 100 years ago. We have various shops on the site where you could buy curios as well as diamonds and jewellery. Also available is a coffee shop and bar to quench your thirst and hunger. We are fully wheelchair friendly. Open every day of the year from 08:00 to 17:00 Guided tours on offer. The Honoured Dead Memorial he Honoured Dead Memorial is a provincial heritage site in Kimberley in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. It is situated at the meeting point of five roads, and commemorates those who died defending the city during the 124 day Siege of Kimberley in the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902. In 1986, it was described in the Government Gazette as Cecil John Rhodes commissioned Sir Herbert Baker (Baker & Masey Architects – Herbert Baker & Francis Edward Masey) to design a memorial…which commemorates those who fell during the Kimberley Siege. Rhodes sent Baker to Greece to study ancient memorials – the Nereid Monument at Xanthus greatly influenced his design. The monument is built of sandstone quarried in the Matopo Hills in Zimbabwe and is the tomb of 27 soldiers. It features an inscription that Rhodes specifically commissioned Rudyard Kipling to write. The Long Cecil gun that was designed and manufactured by George Frederick Labram, who died on 9 February 1900, in the workshops of De Beers during the siege is mounted on its stylobate (facing the Free State). It is surrounded by shells from the Boer Long Tom. The memorial was dedicated on 28 November 1904. It was vandalised in 2010 when brass fittings were broken off parts of the gun. Nationales Frauendenkmal The National Women's Monument[1] (Afrikaans : Nasionale Vrouemonument) in Bloemfontein , South Africa , is a monument commemorating the roughly 27,000 Boers who died in British concentration camps during the Second Boer War . The Monument is a Provincial Heritage Site[1] in the Free State . The monument was designed by a Pretoria architect, Frans Soff, and the sculpting was done by Anton van Wouw . It consists of an obelisk about 35m in height and low, semi-circular walls on two sides. A central bronze group, sketched by English activist Emily Hobhouse and depicting her own experience of 15 May 1901, is of two sorrowing women and a dying child in the Springfontein camp. The monument was unveiled on 16 December 1913, attended by about 20,000 South Africans. Thirteen years later, Emily Hobhouse's ashes were ensconced at the foot of the monument. Also beside the monument are the graves of Christiaan de Wet , Rev. John Daniel Kestell, President of the Orange Free State Martinus Steyn , and his wife. Historical Landmarks to Visit in South Africa Boulders Beach Boulders Beach, near Cape Town, is famous for its colony of adorable African penguins. It is a fun place to visit because you can see these cute birds up close as they waddle and swim. The beach is named after the large granite boulders that protect it from big waves. This special spot combines nature and history, making it a must-see for everyone visiting South Africa. Cradle of Humankind Just next to Johannesburg is the Cradle of Humankind, which remains an important place to study ancient humans. These huge sites contain a great number of limestone caves, which hold old human bones. You can catch really cool tours there about how humans have changed over time. Montecasino Montecasino is located in Johannesburg, which looks like an old Italian village. There is fun to be found there, with things like theatres, shops, and even a bird park. Although Montecasino is not ancient, it brings one a taste of history through its beautiful architecture and cobblestone streets. It is a place to have the best exploration, a lot of fun, and learn a bit about Italian culture in South Africa. Voortrekker Monument The Voortrekker Monument in Pretoria honours the pioneers who left the Cape Colony during the Great Trek. This huge granite building is surrounded by a circular wall with pictures showing their history. The monument also offers amazing views of the city and nearby areas. Castle of Good Hope The Castle of Good Hope in Cape Town is the oldest colonial building in South Africa. The Dutch East India Company built it in the 17th century as a supply station for ships travelling to the East. Today, it has military and historical exhibits, and visitors can explore its impressive architecture and history. Isandlwana Battlefield The Isandlwana Battlefield in KwaZulu-Natal is where one of the most important battles in South African history took place. In 1879, Zulu warriors defeated British forces in a surprising victory. Guided tours of the battlefield tell the story of this historic event and its impact. Nelson Mandela Capture Site As the name suggests, this famous site marked the history of Nelson Mandela’s arrest in 1962. You will find it near Howick in KwaZulu-Natal. The site has an iconic sculpture of Mandela and a historic museum where the story of his life and legacy is narrated. It’s a powerful reminder of the struggle of this amazing leader against apartheid and a journey towards freedom. Union Buildings The Union Buildings in Pretoria are where the South African government and the President’s office are located. Designed by Sir Herbert Baker, these famous buildings are surrounded by beautiful gardens and offer amazing views of the city. Nelson Mandela was inaugurated here as South Africa’s first black president in 1994. Freedom Park Freedom Park in Pretoria shows the spirit of South Africa’s fight for freedom. The park has a memorial, museum, and garden to honour those who gave their lives for the country’s freedom. Visitors can think about the nation’s history and appreciate the progress made. Tips When Visiting Historical Sites Plan Ahead: Check opening times and consider purchasing tickets online to avoid long lines. Guided Tours: Join guided tours with experts for cool stories and facts. Pack Snacks and Water: Historical sites can be big, so stay hydrated and energized. Wear Comfortable Shoes: You’ll be walking a lot, so comfy shoes are a must! Respect the Site: Follow the rules, don’t touch displays, and keep the area clean. Take Photos: Capture moments, but be considerate of places where taking photos is prohibited. Bring a Notebook: Jot down cool facts and what you have learned to share with others. Ask Questions: Don’t be shy. Asking questions can make your visit more interesting! Conclusion South Africa’s historical landmarks offer a profound journey through time, from ancient human origins to modern struggles for freedom. Each site, from Boulders Beach to Freedom Park, tells a unique story that has shaped the nation. Whether marvelling at the Cradle of Humankind or reflecting at the Nelson Mandela Capture Site, these landmarks provide an enriching experience for history enthusiasts and curious travellers, offering deep insights into South Africa’s rich and diverse heritage. So, pack your bag with a guide of Travel bacpack and embark on an unforgettable journey through South Africa’s storied past. Absolute Best Places to Visit in South Africa ( & Tips) If you are reading this because you searched for the best places to visit in South Africa, then it probably means that you already know that South Africa is one of the most remarkable countries in the world and that you are considering a trip there. Go for it! South Africa is one of the most beautiful destinations you’ll ever visit! South Africa is so special and unique that it’s often called The World in One Country. And so it is! S-A is like a perfect mix of the very best of the entire world in one place. At the same time, it’s like no other place on Earth… In this article, you can find a list of the very best places to see in South Africa. 17 incredible destinations in South Africa that are worth a trip from the other side of the world. Find out! Disclosure: This article is sponsored by South African Tourism. It’s not a secret that South Africa is our absolute favorite country in the world, so we are really excited to be working with them to inspire you to discover this incredible country. All opinions and enthusiasm about South Africa are, of course, our own. We fell in love with South Africa the first time we visited it many years ago and I’m sure you’ll feel the same way too. It’s a place that captures your heart forever. Camps Bay and Twelve Apostles Mountain Range near Cape Town Below, you can find the list of the most amazing places you should visit in South Africa. This is in no way a complete list, but it should give you a good idea of what to expect and where to go when visiting for the first time. It’s the list of the very best things to do and places to see in South Africa. I ranked this list by putting my own favorites on top. So if you are limited in time, I suggest that you start with the top of the list and work your way down. At the bottom of this article, you can also find the map indicating all the main tourist attractions in South Africa mentioned in this post. Find out! TIP: If you are not sure how to plan your trip, please check our South Africa 2 week itinerary that covers most of the must-see places in South Africa. Please note that it’s a very complete itinerary, but it doesn’t leave much extra time to explore deeper. If you want to visit every place from this list, you’ll need at least 3 weeks and it will be rushed. If you want to see all the best places in South Africa mentioned in this article AND have some time to explore somewhat deeper, you’ll probably need at least a month… These are the best places to visit in South Africa: Cape Town If there is one place you absolutely have to see in South Africa, it’s Cape Town. It was the oldest European establishment in South Africa (1652) and is therefore often referred to as the Mother City. It’s difficult to describe in just a few words what Cape Town is all about. You really have to experience it in order to be able to appreciate the mingle of African and European cultures, a mix of tradition and modern, and the unique blend of city life and nature… If South Africa is the world in one country, then Cape Town is the world in one city. Absolutely not to be missed when visiting South Africa! Here are some of the main places you have to see in Cape Town: Victoria and Alfred Waterfront, Table Mountain, Signal Hill & Lion’s Head, Robben Island, Bo-Kaap area, Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, Two Oceans Aquarium, and also the city center with its local markets, shops, restaurants, and museums. TIP: If the gondola to the top of Table Mountain is open, go there first. It often gets closed due to high winds, so don’t leave it for the last day. Cape Town is an absolute must-see in South Africa Cape Peninsula Together with Cape Town, Cape Peninsula is one of the most impressive regions of South Africa. This is one of those places that you really don’t want to miss! The absolute highlights of the Cape Peninsula include Cape of Good Hope and Cape Point and the stunning 12 Apostles coastline from Camps Bay to Hout Bay and further south along Chapman’s Peak Drive. Not to be missed is Simon’s Town with Boulder’s Beach penguin colony (yes, you can see wild penguins in South Africa!) and also an ocean walkway from Muizenberg to Kalk Bay via St. James beach is really nice. Groot Constantia wine region in Cape Peninsula has spectacular scenery and some of the best wines in South Africa. Also, in Hout Bay you can take a boat to see a seal colony – it’s called Duiker Island, but most people just refer to it as Hout Bay Seal Island. This is a very popular tourist attraction, so you may want to book in advance. For a more unique experience, you can even go snorkeling with the seals. TIP: One day is hardly enough to see the highlights of Cape Peninsula. So if you can, try to spend at least a few days in this area. I recommend at least a week for Cape Town and Cape Peninsula, with 3-4 days being an absolute minimum. Cape Peninsula is one of the most beautiful places in the world The Garden Route Another absolutely amazing region, the Garden Route is one of those places you really have to see in South Africa as well. This +-200km stretch between Mossel Bay and Stormsrivier is one of the most scenic routes in the world, but you have to take the time in order to truly appreciate it. You could drive the Garden Route in just half a day, but you won’t see much just by sitting in the car. So ideally you take at least a couple of days to explore this area. Some of the nicest places along the Garden Route are Storms River and Tsitsikamma National Park, Robberg Nature Reserve, Plettenberg Bay, the whole area around Knysna (don’t miss the Heads and the Featherbed Private Nature Reserve!), Wilderness, and the beautiful coastline along the entire route. Oudtshoorn, famous for its ostrich farms and Cango Caves, is a bit out of the way from the rest, but it’s also considered as part of the Garden Route. Well worth a visit. TIP: If you are traveling with kids or if you just love wildlife, don’t miss Monkeyland and Birds of Eden (both just next to each other). Plettenberg Bay Game Reserve is a great place for a family-friendly safari along the Garden Route and Knysna Elephant Park is one of the best ethical places to interact with elephants in South Africa. Tsitsikamma National Park along the Garden Route Blyde Canyon & Panorama Route Blyde River Canyon is one of the most beautiful natural landmarks of South Africa. It’s also one of the largest canyons in the world. Due to its proximity to several main entrances of Kruger National Park, Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve and the whole Panorama Route make a very popular day trip in the area. Together with Kruger NP, Blyde River Canyon is one of the most popular tourist attractions in northern South Africa. Start your day with breakfast at the famous Harrie’s Pancakes in Graskop. Then head north to the Pinnacle, God’s Window, and Wonder View. Further highlights of the Panorama Route include Lisbon Falls and Berlin Falls, also Bourke’s Luck Potholes, and Lowveld viewpoint. But the most impressive of them all is the Three Rondavels viewpoint. The scenery here is simply spectacular! Three Rondavels was one of the first places we visited just after arrival in South Africa and that image stayed with us forever. It was here that we fell in love with this amazingly diverse country and realized that it has so much more to offer than we ever imagined… Don’t miss if you are visiting Kruger NP and have a day to spare! If you have more time, you can also consider a visit to the Echo Caves or a small museum-town called Pilgrim’s Rest. Blyde River Canyon along the Panorama Route Hermanus Hermanus is my husband’s favorite place in South Africa, one we always wish we had stayed longer at… The town itself isn’t that special, but its coastline is second to none! Grab a picnic and explore the beautiful coastal walking path. The bay near Hermanus is known as the best place to see whales and dolphins in South Africa and it definitely lives up to its reputation! You can take a whale watching boat tour and get really close to these majestic animals, but you can usually also see them from ashore. Both experiences are very different and each special in their own way. I really recommend both – taking the boat tour and also walking the coastal route in Hermanus and watching whales and dolphins from the shore. Please note that whales are not always around. The best time to see whales in Hermanus is between June and December, but some years they arrive earlier or leave later, so you just never know. We have been on many whale-watching tours all over the world, but nowhere did we see so many whales from so close by as in Hermanus. There were tens of whales just meters away from our boat… We also saw hundreds of dolphins while walking along the coast. It sure is one of the best places to go whale – and dolphin-watching in the world. TIP: Nearby Gansbaai is also a beautiful place with a stunning coastline and a good chance to see the whales. It’s not as well known and therefore much less visited than Hermanus, but it’s a perfect place to visit for those who have more time in the area and looking to discover some off-beat hidden gems. Hermanus coastline – can you spot the dolphins? South Africa Wine Region: Stellenbosch and Franschhoek South Africa has become world-famous for its wines and the best region to see the wineries and taste some wines is the beautiful area between Stellenbosch, Paarl, and Franschhoek. This wine region is just a short drive from Cape Town and is therefore really easy to visit, even if you only have limited time in South Africa. Stellenbosch and Paarl are bigger towns and I’m not sure if they are worth a visit, but the nearby wineries and the surrounding scenery is a must. We loved the quaint little Franschhoek town with its white buildings, hilly landscapes, and a very cozy atmosphere. Such a beautiful region – a place you have to see in South Africa! TIP: Don’t drink and drive! If you are staying in Cape Town, you can visit the wine region with an organized day tour. Here is one of the best-rated and most complete wine region tours from Cape Town that I was able to find. Franschhoek – Stellenbosch wine region Agulhas – Southernmost Tip Of Africa Cape Agulhas, the Southernmost place in Africa, is so far from every other landmark in South Africa and main tourist routes that it doesn’t get the attention it deserves. But what a beautiful and unique place it is! Standing at this point where two oceans meet you truly feel like you’ve reached the end of the world… The best way to visit Cape Agulhas is by making a stop there on your way from Cape Town to the Garden Route (or vice versa). We once did it in a day, just stopping there when driving from Knysna to Cape Town, but it was a really long drive. TIP: I suggest that you break the drive and either stay in Cape Agulhas or in the area around Hermanus or Gansbaai for one night. Cape Agulhas, the place where Indian Ocean meets the Atlantic Ocean Drakensberg Another wonderful region a bit off the beaten tourist path in South Africa is the Drakensberg mountains. The Dragon Mountain is a +-200km mountain range between the Kingdom of Lesotho and KwaZulu Natal province in South Africa, a few hours drive from Durban. The region is known for its incredible vistas, countless waterfalls, mountain streams, rock pools, caves, and tranquil scenery pretty much undisturbed by human development. The Drakensberg is the highest mountain range in South Africa and if you visit here in the winter (July) as we did, be prepared for the freezing cold temperatures at night. Theoretically, you could visit the Drakensberg region just for a day, but ideally, you spend at least a couple of days here. There is a wide range of outdoor activities available, such as hiking or golf to mention just a few… TIP: If you stay close to the Underberg area (we stayed at this hotel), you can pop over the border and visit Lesotho for a day (day tours are available too). Drakensberg mountain range Addo Elephant National Park If you are looking for a malaria-free family-friendly safari experience in Africa, Addo Elephant National Park is one of the very best places to do that. South Africa’s third-largest National Park is located in the southern part of the country, close to Port Elizabeth and just a few hours drive from the Garden Route. As the name suggests, Addo Elephant NP is a perfect place to see wild elephants. This park is home to over 600 elephants and they are all around. Many other African animals live here as well and if you are really lucky, you may even get to spot The Big 5… TIP: You can easily explore the park on a self-drive safari. But – as always – a guided open-jeep safari tour will give you a very different experience. If you come here for a few days and have your own car, I suggest you do both – visit the park on your own but also book at least one safari ride. Elephants in Addo Elephant National Park iSimangaliso Wetland Park Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, iSimangaliso Wetland Park has a lot to more to offer than it looks at first sight. It’s not that widely known and definitely not one of the main tourist attractions in South Africa, but it’s well worth a trip. iSimangaliso Wetland Park has it all: beautiful scenery, unique landscapes, white-sand beaches, snorkeling, diving, and lots of wildlife. You can expect to see rhino, zebra, buffalo, troop baboons, wildebeest, and even elephants, to name just a few… One of the main reasons tourists visit this area is to see hippos in the wild. iSimangaliso Wetland Park is a paradise for water-loving animals and is, therefore, one of the best places to see hippos and crocodiles in South Africa. TIP: You can visit the park by car, but if you really want to get close to the hippos and the crocodiles in a safe way, it’s best to book St. Lucia estuary boat tour. The boat tour takes just two hours, so you can spend the rest of the time self-driving and exploring the park. The safest way to see hippos is from a boat Pilanesberg National Park Just over 2 hours drive from Johannesburg, Pilanesberg National Park is probably one of the easiest and best-accessible places for a wildlife safari in South Africa. Pilanesberg Game Reserve is set in an extinct volcanic crater, where the soil is rich with grasslands, perfect for wildlife. A man-made lake, Mankwe Dam, is used as a drinking waterhole – a perfect place to see African animals. Wildlife here includes zebras, lions, elephants, rhinos, leopards, and many other species. Because the park is rather small, it’s quite easy to find the animals, even if you come here just for a few hours. TIP: You can visit Pilanesberg National Park as a day trip from Johannesburg, but if you have some time to spare, stay a few days. If you like places like Las Vegas in the US, don’t miss the nearby Sun City with entertainment for young and old. From luxury resorts and casinos, waterparks and golfing, to outdoor activities, wildlife viewing, and even hot air balloon safari – this area truly has it all. Can you imagine going on a hot-air balloon safari?! Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park One can never have too many safari experiences in Africa, right? So if you are visiting St.Lucia/Durban area, then I really recommend a day trip to Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park. This park is not as well known as Kruger and the other National Parks mentioned above, but it’s just as beautiful and offers amazing wildlife viewing. Africa’s Big 5 live here and, of course, many other animals. TIP: You can visit this park on a self-drive safari or take a guided safari tour from Durban. If you want to make the best of your short time, you can also opt for a tour that combines Hluhluwe and iSimangaliso Wetlands, mentioned above. Rhinos in Hluhluwe–iMfolozi Park West Coast National Park Just an hour drive north of Cape Town, West Coast National Park is the locals’ favorite, so if you come in a warm season, expect it to be busy. This park has beautiful beaches, stunning coastlines, scenic hiking trails, wildlife, and lots of wildflowers. Springtime (August – September) is the best time to see the flowers and the park might be even busier than usual. West Coast National Park is considered a real jewel. It’s not a must-see in South Africa if you are short on time, but if you are staying in Cape Town and have a day to spare, definitely check it out! TIP: There aren’t many facilities here; it’s all about nature. So if you come for a day, make sure to bring some food and plenty of water. Postberg Flower Reserve in West Coast National Park in spring Durban Durban is considered one of the cities that you should see in South Africa. We found that there were better ways to spend our time in South Africa than visiting its cities… so we didn’t stay in Durban longer than necessary. Just in case you wonder, Cape Town is a whole other story, one city you have to see. Nevertheless, if you are traveling in this area, you shouldn’t miss Durban. One of the best things to do here is go to the beach and stroll the Golden Mile, visit UShaka Marine World or Durban Botanic Gardens. Durban is also a good base for a day trip to the earlier mentioned Hluhluwe-iMfolozi NP and iSimangaliso Wetland Park, and also to the Drakensberg mountains. A really interesting thing to do in Durban is also this Shakaland and Zulu culture day trip . TIP: If you are short on time, fly from Durban to Port Elizabeth or Cape Town – it will save you lots of driving. Durban UShaka Pier Johannesburg The largest city in South Africa, Johannesburg’s history goes back to the 19th century. It’s hard to believe that this bustling city with a population of 1 million started as a gold-mining settlement. If you want to learn about South Africa’s long part to democracy, then don’t miss Soweto township (go with a guide! ) which was once home to Nelson Mandela and also Desmond Tutu. Must-see in Johannesburg is the Apartheid Museum and Constitution Hill, a former prison complex. Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, and tens of thousands of others were imprisoned here at some point in South Africa’s turbulent history… Johannesburg skyline Namaqua National Park & Namaqualand Namaqualand and Namaqua National Park, close to the Namibian border, are so far from all the other tourist attractions in South Africa that you’ll hardly ever see it mentioned as one of the best places to visit in the country. It’s actually more of a hidden gem of South Africa. Come spring and the dusty valleys are transformed into a magical wildflower wonderland. The whole area is covered in colorful flower carpet, attracting local visitors and international tourists alike. If you are visiting South Africa in August-September and feel like getting off the beaten path, you may want to include this unique region in your itinerary. Namaqua National Park in spring Best places to visit in South Africa South Africa Travel FAQ Here are some of the popular questions our readers ask about visiting South Africa: When is the best time to visit South Africa? South Africa is a year-round destination and every season has something to offer. The best time to see wildlife in Kruger National Park is the dry season between May and October. Whereas the best time to visit Cape Town and the Garden Route is between September – November and from March to May. What is the most beautiful place in South Africa? South Africa is huge and there are so many beautiful places to see. But if you have to choose just one area to visit, we recommend Cape Town and Cape Peninsula. Is South Africa safe for tourists? South Africa is not the safest place to visit in the world and the crime rate is quite high. That being said, if you are cautious, aware of your surroundings, and do not take unnecessary risks, crime against tourists is really not that common. We visited South Africa several times, also with kids, and we never experienced any problems. Is South Africa expensive? No, South Africa is not an expensive destination. The biggest cost or the trip is the flight to get there. Accommodation, food, and activities are quite cheap in South Africa. But – as everywhere in the world – a lot depends on the choices you make and mostly on the accommodations that you choose. How much time do you need in South Africa? 2 weeks is the minimum time if you want to see the most beautiful places of South Africa. If you have about 10 days, spend 3 days in Kruger NP and fly to the south of the country for the rest of the trip. If you have 1 week or less, it’s best to concentrate on just one area – either Kruger NP and surroundings or Cape Peninsula and the Garden Route. TIP: When planning a trip to South Africa, make sure to also check our South Africa itinerary. It contains most of the highlights of South Africa from this list and shows you how to see all the best places in just two weeks. Check it out – it will help you plan a trip of a lifetime! And if you are traveling with a family, check out this guide for more info on what to expect and where to go when visiting South Africa with kids. BACK TO THE TOP OF THE PAGE

WILDLIFE PANARAMA What kinds of monkeys live in South Africa & Other Species If you visit South Africa, it’s only natural to ask yourself the above question. I mean, who doesn’t want to see monkeys!? Luckily, there are quite a few species you should be able to find. So, keep reading to learn how to identify each monkey, ape, and primate, and learn some fun and interesting facts. Pictures and range maps are also included! COMMON Snakes Found in South Africa! If so, you have come to the right place. In the article below, I have listed the MOST COMMON snakes you can expect to see. Unfortunately, there are so many snakes that live in South Africa that it would be impossible to list each one. You’ll see that the snakes in South Africa are very different from each other. They range from venomous species to snakes that use constriction to immobilize their prey. In addition, certain snakes are common to find living around people. MONEYS 4 Types of Monkeys Found in South Africa! Vervet Monkey Chlorocebus pygerythrus Also known as the Vervet, Common Vervet, Desert Tumbuli, or Yellow Monkey. Identifying Characteristics: Adults are 42-60 cm (17-24 in) long with 49-75 cm (19-30 in) tails. Males are larger, and you can easily identify them by their bright blue scrotums. They have black faces. Their fur coats are shades of gray that grow brown towards the back. Keep your food hidden! Vervet Monkeys are bold and frequently steal food from households. These cheeky monkeys live in South Africa in woodlands, savannahs, and mountainous regions. Their behavior is incredibly similar to humans, with some individuals showing traits such as anxiety and alcoholism. Vervet Monkeys spend as much time among the trees as they do on the ground. When foraging the forest floor, they gather in groups of 10-40 individuals. Then, after a long day, they climb back up to the highest branches to rest. Note that these monkeys are highly territorial and will scream aggressively at any intruders! For example, if a Vervet spots a predator lurking around, it will bellow an alarm call to inform others of the danger. Mohol Bushbaby Galago moholi Also known as the Southern Lesser Galago. Identifying Characteristics: Adults are about 15 cm (6 in) long with a tail of 23 cm (9 in). They have notably large and rounded eyes. Their ears, hands, and feet are also proportionally large. Their wooly coats range from gray to brown. Some have stripes and markings on their bodies. Mohol Bushbabies are some of the cutest primates in South Africa! Don’t blink, or you’ll miss them! These fast little critters sprint and leap through the tangle of branches, using their long tails for balance. What they lack in size, they make up for with an array of adaptive abilities. Mohol Bushbabies are equipped with large eyes to help them see in the dark of night. Also, their twitchy ears can detect the faintest sounds from the insects they feed on. Finally, their tongues are narrow enough to reach deep into cracks where bugs hide. These primates eat fruits, nuts, and tree sap if they can’t find prey. Check out our LIVE bird camera from South Africa HERE! At night it’s common to see Mohol Bushbabies visiting the feeder. 🙂 Interestingly, Mohol Bushbabies got their name because their cries sound like that of a human infant! Family units of 2-5 mark their territories with urine to keep outsiders from trespassing. Adult females and their children sleep together in tree hollows, while adult males sleep alone. They tend to bite and spit when threatened, so try not to startle them. Chacma Baboon Papio ursinus Also known as the Cape Baboon. Identifying Characteristics: One of the longest monkeys. Adult bodies are 50 to 115 cm (20 to 45 in), and tails are 45 to 84 cm (18 to 33 in). They are also one of the heaviest monkeys. Adult males average 31.8 kg (70 lb). Females are considerably smaller. Generally dark gray or brown. There is a patch of rough hair on the nape of its neck. Males DO NOT have a mane, unlike baboon species that live farther north in Africa. Chacma Baboons are the most common monkey in South Africa! You can find them in a wide variety of habitats, including woodland, savanna, steppes, and sub deserts (arid habitats that have just enough rainfall to allow vegetation to grow). They are adaptable and live in both humid and dry environments. It is rare to find only ONE Chacma Baboon, as this species is very social. They live in large troops that can number up to 100 individuals. Communication is done via facial expressions, vocalizations, body movements, and touch. Infanticide is more common among these primates than other baboon species, as new dominant males will kill other infants sired by the previous male. Chacma Baboon Range Map Leopards are the main predator of Chacma Baboons. One study showed that they made up 20% of leopard kills! African wild dogs, lions, Spotted hyenas, Nile crocodiles, and African rock pythons also consume these monkeys when given the chance. But male Chacma Baboons are pretty intimidating themselves with large and sharp canine teeth, and they are often able to drive away potential predators. Blue Monkey Cercopithecus mitis Also known as the Diademed Monkey. Identifying Characteristics: Adults are 50-65 cm (20-26 in) long. Look for a white patch of fur on their necks. They also have round, furry cheeks. Contrary to their name, Blue Monkeys have grayish or olive coats. Look for Blue Monkeys in South Africa high among the tree canopy. They prefer shaded areas with high humidity and nearby water sources. Blue Monkeys are occasional allies and share territory with Red-tailed Monkeys. On the other hand, they avoid Baboons and Chimpanzees, who sometimes prey on them. Blue Monkeys function in groups of 10-15. An alpha male acts as the leader of several subgroups consisting of females and their children. Females can be aggressive towards one another, especially when defending their food. Roughly half of their diets are fruits, but they also eat flowers, leaves, and slow-moving invertebrates. Blue Monkeys rarely leave the safety of treetops, so don’t expect to come across one at ground level. However, sometimes, they bask in the early morning sun from lower bare branches. Puff Adder Bitis arietans Also known as the African Puff Adder and Common Puff Adder Identifying Characteristics: Adults are 100-150 cm (39-59 in) long. They are commonly gray to dusty brown, with yellow chevrons on their backs. There are two dark bands on the head, one on the crown and one between the eyes. Male Puff Adders are usually larger than females. Puff Adders are one of the most dangerous snakes in South Africa. This ill-tempered native snake roams savannas, grasslands, and – to the great misfortune of inhabitants – densely populated areas. The Puff Adder gets its name from how it inflates itself when threatened. Instead of moving away, it will hiss a warning to intruders before inflating and striking. Its distinctive chevron pattern in yellow, white, and brown colors allows the Puff Adder to blend into its surroundings. This camouflage is particularly useful for its lifestyle as an ambush predator. Be careful where you wander because this highly-venomous, fast-striking snake seems to come out of nowhere. The Puff Adder’s venom contains a cytotoxin that can kill a healthy adult human within a day. Their potent venom and tendency to loiter around footpaths make this snake one to avoid. Watch your step! Cape House Snake Boaedon capensis Also known as the Brown House Snake and Common House Snake Identifying Characteristics: Adults are 60 cm (24 in) on average, but they can grow up to 120 cm (47 in). They are various shades of yellow and brown, but some individuals are brick red. You will notice two white lines on the head: one from the back of the eye to the tip of the mouth and the other from the nose to the back of the head. The belly is creamy white, with stripes running along the body. The Cape House Snake is frequently seen in grassy and suburban areas, but it doesn’t stop there. As its name suggests, it has a habit of appearing in houses unannounced, especially at night! Luckily, these snakes are harmless to humans. They slowly drag themselves around at night to catch unsuspecting rodents, lizards, and birds. Without venom to paralyze their prey, Cape House Snakes constrict their prey with strong muscles along their bodies. The Cape House Snake is popular among exotic pet owners due to being low-maintenance. However, owners should be careful to keep these snakes separated. In captivity, they breed up to six times per year as opposed to two times in the wild. Boomslang Dispholidus typus Also known as Common African Tree Snake, Kivu Boomslang, and Kivu Large Green Tree Snake Identifying Characteristics: Adults are usually 100-160 cm (39-63 in) long. Coloration varies greatly, allowing these snakes to camouflage in different terrains. Generally, males are light green, scaled with black and blue, and females are brown. Boomslangs have an egg-shaped head and notably large eyes. This slender snake in South Africa makes its home in low-lying trees. In fact, its common name Boomslang means “tree snake” in Afrikaans and Dutch. Be careful within this species’ range because the next vine you pull might become a deadly encounter! This snake’s venom is highly potent, causing bleeding and death for humans, even in small doses. However, compared to front-fanged snakes, which release large amounts of venom at once, rear-fanged snakes like the Boomslang inject small amounts of venom in quick succession. When confronted, the Boomslang will freeze and then swing its head from side to side before quickly attacking. Fortunately, Boomslangs won’t attack humans except as a last resort. If you are bitten, seek immediate treatment. Victims might get a false sense of safety because the venom is slow-acting, but many people have died from internal bleeding hours later. Cape Cobra Naja nivea Also known as Yellow Cobra and Black Spitting Cobra Identifying Characteristics: Their typical length is between 120-140 cm (47-55 in), but some have been recorded to grow up to 188 cm (74 in). Male Cape Cobras are slightly larger than females. Their colors vary, ranging from bright yellow, dark brown, and reddish black to speckled. Juveniles have dark bands from the throat to the belly for their first two years. The Cape Cobra is found along savannas, shrublands, and deserts. Although it’s mostly a terrestrial snake that hunts on land, this venomous species is surprisingly agile near water or atop trees. Be extra careful if you find yourself within Cape Cobra territory. Among snakes in South Africa, it’s considered one of the most dangerous because its venom targets the respiratory and nervous systems. Seek immediate treatment if bitten because victims have been reported to die within an hour. Like most snakes, the Cape Cobra prefers to flee than fight. However, it can strike without notice if it feels trapped. Be especially wary during this cobra’s mating period in September and October, when it’s more aggressive than usual. Spotted Bush Snake Philothamnus semivariegatus Also known as Spotted Green Snake and Variegated Green Snake Identifying Characteristics: They are typically 60-130 cm (24-51 in) long. Spotted Bush Snakes have small heads, golden yellow eyes, and blue tongues. The upper half of the body can be yellow, green, or blue, while the tail-end is brown. You might also find black spots or stripes. You might encounter the Spotted Bush Snake in South Africa in forested areas or suburban gardens. These beautifully-patterned snakes have keeled, or ridged, belly scales, allowing them to easily climb walls, trees, and bushes. Curiously, they’re fantastic swimmers as well! Often misidentified as the more dangerous Green Mamba, Spotted Bush Snakes are non-venomous and harmless to humans. Instead, they’re patient hawk-eyed hunters, staying completely still before swiftly attacking lizards, geckos, and frogs in daylight. Spotted Bush Snakes are alert, nervous animals and will immediately flee upon sensing danger. They don’t have established territories and are noted to travel far and wide in pursuit of their prey. So if you find one astray in your home, leave a window open, and it’ll leave soon! Stripe-bellied Sand Snake Psammophis subtaeniatus Also known as Western Yellow-bellied Sand Snake Identifying Characteristics: Their average length is 70-140 cm (28-55 in). As its common name suggests, it has prominent stripes along the body from head to tail. The belly is yellow. Look for a slender head and large eyes. Try not to blink, or you might miss seeing one of the fastest snakes in South Africa! Stripe-bellied Sand Snakes are swift enough to successfully hunt birds, lizards, rodents, and even other snakes. But thankfully, it poses no threat to humans. The Stripe-bellied Sand Snake frequents arid habitats such as savannas and rocky hillsides. Here, it indulges in one of its favorite pastimes– basking in the sun! Consequently, it’s most active during the hottest hours of the day. Interestingly, they share a trait commonly seen in house geckos. If a predator catches its tail, the snake snaps it off and slithers away to nearby shrubs and trees for safety. The tail grows back, but it’s usually less colorful and shorter than before. Black Mamba Dendroaspis polylepis Identifying Characteristics: Adults are 200-450 cm (79-177 in). Its coloring is usually brown, olive green, or yellow. Black specimens with purplish scales are very rare. Juveniles are usually gray or green, but they darken with age. In small woodlands and rocky outcrops of sub-Saharan South Africa lurks what many consider the world’s deadliest snake. The Black Mamba is named after the inky coloring of the inside of its mouth, something you should hope never to see! It likes to nest in burrows, so stay alert around suspicious holes. The fatally potent venom of the Black Mamba targets the nervous system and the heart. Difficulty breathing can occur within 10 minutes. If you get bitten, it’s a race against time, so get medical attention immediately! In addition to their highly toxic venom, Black Mambas are terrifyingly fast. They can move 16 kph (10 mph) for short distances and even lunge at prey or attackers. Contrary to popular belief, these snakes are rather shy and will choose to escape when given a chance. They raise their heads, spread their cobra-like neck hoods, and hiss loudly as a warning to would-be attackers. So the best thing to do if you encounter the Black Mamba is to slowly back away, making sure it doesn’t feel cornered. Red-lipped Snake Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Also known as Common Herald Snake, White-lipped Herald Snake, Savanna White-lipped Snake, Black-templed Cat Snake Identifying Characteristics: This snake can grow to 70-100 cm (28-39 in) long. Coloration is usually olive green or gray on the back, sometimes speckled white. Its head is notably black. True to its name, it has a bright red (sometimes orange or yellow) upper lip most prominently displayed when it feels threatened. The head is broad and triangular, while the tail is short. You’ll find Red-lipped Snakes near marshlands, bogs, and lowland forests in South Africa. They also gravitate towards the suburbs, so you might bump into one in your backyard after an evening rain. Most active during the night, these land snakes prey on amphibians such as toads and frogs. Their venom is mild, effective only on their chosen prey, and harmless to huans. They also have a mild and shy demeanor. Don’t test your luck, though. Red-lipped snakes have a trigger-happy temper when provoked. So even though its venom isn’t dangerous, its bite is still painful! Interestingly, the Red-lipped Snake got its other common name, the Herald Snake, from a newspaper story. It was first mentioned in the Eastern Cape’s Herald newspaper! Southern African Python Python natalensis Also known as Lesser African Python, South African Rock Python, Natal Rock Python Identifying Characteristics: On average, this large snake is 280-460 cm (110-181 inches) long, with rare specimens reaching 600 cm (236 inches). Females are much heavier than males. Its broad head is marked by an arrow shape on the crown. The coloration is dark brown speckled with gray, with a white underside. This species is one of the largest snakes in South Africa. It regularly grows longer than four meters (13 feet), and some rare individuals reach a staggering six meters (20 feet) long! Look for the Southern African Python in woodlands and savannas, close to water sources such as lakes, streams, and rivers. This python’s main diet consists of warm-blooded animals like monkeys, large birds, and even young antelopes. If warm-blooded prey isn’t abundant, it will eat fish and even small crocodiles. As with the rest of the python family, it kills by constriction and swallows its prey whole. Although they’re non-venomous, they’re big enough to kill and eat humans on rare occasions! Thankfully, Southern African Pythons are not aggressive and usually don’t bother people. Instead, they prefer basking lazily in the sun while submerged in shallow waters. Gaboon Viper Bitis gabonica Also known as Gaboon Adder, Forest Puff Adder, Butterfly Adder, Whisper, Swampjack Identifying Characteristics: Their typical size is 80–205 cm (31-81 in) long. Females are heavy and stout, while males have longer tails in proportion to their body length. You’ll see faded, rectangular blotches down the snake’s back, with yellowish hourglass-shaped marks along the gaps. The Gaboon Viper boasts the longest fangs of any snake in South Africa! Incredibly, they can grow up to 6 cm (2.3 in) long. This is one snake you definitely want to steer clear of! Interestingly, its fangs aren’t the only unusual thing about this species. It also has the highest venom yield of any snake worldwide because of its hunting style. Unlike most vipers, it doesn’t release once it engages in a bite, injecting massive amounts of venom into its prey. Watch your step because this nocturnal viper has near-perfect camouflage. It’s practically invisible amid fallen leaves on the forest floor and can remain motionless for hours hunting small birds and mammals. The Gaboon Viper’s venom can be fatal in large doses or cause severe necrosis in the bite area. Fortunately, bite incidents are rare. These snakes are normally non-aggressive, sluggish, and are only encountered in dense rainforests. Olive Whip Snake Psammophis mossambicus Also known as Olive Grass Snake, Olive Sand Snake Identifying Characteristics: Adults are 100-180 cm long (39-71 in) on average. It’s mostly olive-brown, but some specimens are black. There are dark-edged scales along the neck and body. The underside is yellow. This snake in South Africa is a common resident of grasslands and swamplands. You might find the Olive Whip Snake prowling near water sources during the day, so keep a keen eye out! Be alert around trees and shrubs, too, because it’s an adept climber. The Olive Grass Snake is not nearly as venomous as the Black Mamba, but it often gets mistaken for one. This is due to its size and tendency to lift its forebody off the ground to an impressive height. Its food sources are also similar to the Black Mamba: lizards, rodents, frogs, and fellow venomous snakes. Despite its weight, the Olive Grass Snake moves incredibly fast. And while it prefers a speedy retreat when sensing danger, it may choose to lunge and bite. Fortunately, its venom is mild for humans. Brown Forest Cobra Naja subfulva Identifying Characteristics: Adults are 200-275 cm (79-108 in) long on average. They are mostly brownish yellow on the head, darkening to pitch black on the tail. There are light-colored spots all over the body. Other notable characteristics are black stripes under the eyes and a band of small black dots near the throat. Brown Forest Cobras are mostly limited to savanna woodlands in South Africa. This highly alert and intelligent cobra leaves its lair when the sun is out. If it’s not busy basking in the heat, it goes hunting for its usual lunch: birds and small mammals. Thankfully, snakebite incidents are rare because Brown Forest Cobras live far away from human civilization. Even if you encounter them, their first instinct is to flee. Nonetheless, stay back as their venom can cause tissue damage, difficulty breathing, and even death if left untreated. Horned Adder Bitis caudalis Also known as Horned Puff Adder, Horned Viper, Sidewinding Adder, Common Single-horned Adder Identifying Characteristics: Adults are 30-51 cm (12-20 in) long. Body coloration appears in shades of brown, gray, yellow, and red. Males have more vibrant colors, while females are significantly larger. Horned Adders are one of the smallest snakes in South Africa, but they are fierce when disturbed. This species owes its common name to the prominent horn-like scale above each eye. Horned Adders inhabit scrublands and semi-deserts because their repetitive sidewinding motion is efficient in sandy terrain. As an ambush predator, this adder will bury itself into the sand just deep enough for its eyes to poke out. Then, it uses its black-tipped tail to lure prey in the form of geckos, rodents, and birds. Horned Adders are most active at dusk. In the daytime, they enjoy the shade of rocks and bushes. The venom, containing mild cytotoxins, has been known to cause serious pain and skin ulcers. Listen carefully for angry hisses as you might accidentally cross paths with a Horned Adder already in striking position! Twig Snake Thelotornis capensis Also known as Cape Twig Snake, Savanna Vine Snake, Southern Bird Snake, Cape Twig Snake Identifying Characteristics: These are slender snakes with very long tails, measuring 100-168 cm (39-66 in) in total length. Look for a flattened bluish-green head, keyhole-shaped pupils, large black fangs, and a reddish-black tongue. Body coloration is brown or gray with blotches. As the name suggests, you might mistake this snake in South Africa for a twig! Twig Snakes hang perfectly still on branches of low shrubs, waiting for passing chameleons, frogs, and birds. They are patient predators and can maintain this posture for hours. When disturbed, they inflate their necks like a balloon as a scare tactic. Take great care when trekking through coastal forests and woodlands. Its coloration allows it to blend in with the bark and branches of trees. Although it’s unassuming, the Twig Snake is venomous and very dangerous. The Twig Snake’s venom is a slow-acting poison that can cause profuse bleeding and hemorrhage. One German herpetologist named Robert Mertens died 18 days after being bitten by his pet Twig Snake. So, get quick medical treatment for a bite even if you don’t have immediate symptoms. Mole Snake Pseudaspis cana Identifying Characteristics: Adults grow up to 207 cm (81 in) long. Colors are commonly gray, red, or black on the body. The belly is white, speckled with dark spots. Juveniles are light brown with white zig-zags or spots. They use their small heads, pointed snouts, and narrow necks to hunt underground. Look for Mole Snakes in South Africa in scrublands and mountainous regions. You are most likely to find one near rodent burrows where it spends the day foraging for its next meal. In fact, this species was named after the Golden Moles it loves to feast on. A curious quirk of this muscular snake is that it’s viviparous. So instead of laying eggs as most reptiles do, the Mole Snake will give birth to live babies. Incredibly, a single mole snake can give birth to up to 95 babies at once! Mole Snakes may be non-venomous, but you should still be careful if handling one. With strong, very sharp teeth, they can inflict deep wounds that need stitches. In addition, they’re extremely aggressive. They are often mistaken for Cape Cobras because of their short tempers and notorious ferocity. Common Slug-Eater Duberria lutrix Identifying Characteristics: Adults grow to only about 40 cm (16 in). Typically, they have black-striped green or brown backs, white and yellow bellies, and gray sides. Common Slug-Eaters are non-venomous snakes endemic to the damp grasslands of Southern South Africa. True to their name, they feed on a specialized diet of snails and slugs. They have a calm demeanor, and they pose no danger to humans. This snake is known to hunt its prey down by following slime trails. Once it locates a meal, it quickly swallows the soft body before the snail or slug can secrete foul, defensive mucus. In the case of snails, Common Slug-eaters are known to bash the hard shell against a rock to break it open. BACK TO THE TOP OF THE PAGE

Traditional South African foods you need to try: Stunning landscapes, diverse wildlife, dramatic mountain ranges and attractive beaches make South Africa a very inviting holiday destination. The country is also a melting pot of a great diversity of cultures which is why it’s fondly nicknamed ‘The Rainbow Nation’, and it’s this cultural diversity which has had a very strong influence on South African food over the centuries. This in turn has given traditional South African dishes very unique and interesting flavours.South Africa has grown to be one of the top travel destinations in the world, and with good reason—the country offers visitors unparalleled wildlife viewing, stunning scenery, and fascinating history. However, there’s something else South Africa also offers visitors and locals alike—some of the best food you can get on the continent! If you’re planning to visit or move to South Africa, it’s well worth exploring the wide range of local cuisine this country has to offer. Here are some delicious South African foods you shouldn’t miss out on trying! FOOD CULTURE IN SOUTH AFRICA The food culture in South Africa is really big and plays a very important part in South African tourism and local daily life. This is why you should take the time to indulge yourself in South African food culture in order to learn more about the rich diversity of the land itself that provides the food and how together with the local people it all influences the various flavours. When visiting South Africa there are many traditional food dishes one should try, however, there are a few that will stand out and which you will really need to try before you go home. So in order to help you discover the food in South Africa, I have compiled this food guide with an insight into South African cuisine as well as local produce that can sometimes only be found in this part of the world. And if you are really adventurous and brave enough, you might want to try Mopane Worms , which is a very traditional South African food that is more popular in the rural areas. Perfect Biltong Recipe—South African Beef Jerky I must apologise for calling biltong “South African beef jerky”, because this is a far superior product. If you’ve ever tried biltong, you’ll know exactly what I mean—none of that sugary, rubbery stuff-it-in-a-dehydrator rubbish here, please! Like a lot of biltong lovers, I was introduced to this culinary treasure as a child, and the addiction has stuck. I’ve been making my own for a few years, gradually tweaking the recipe and feeding it to people with a “how is it, honestly?”, and plenty of willing feedback. I’m confident that this fool-hardy recipe sticks with the traditional roots of the dried meat, whilst adding a little refined finesse—it does not disappoint. Biltong was originally created by Dutch pioneers in South Africa, “Voortrekkers”, who needed reliable food sources on their long treks across the continent. The method and spice mix hasn’t changed much in hundreds of years, but a few variations have appeared recently, like ‘piri piri’ biltong and the use of additional ingredients like worcestershire sauce and dried chillies. Curing process Opinions vary on curing methods, spice mixes and drying conditions, and there is a lot of misinformation around, so trial and error has been my friend. Some recipes call for several stages of curing and washing off spices, reapplying them, etc—this is not necessary. I don’t like to throw away good spices, so I coat once, leave to cure in the fridge, pat dry, then hang with no additional stages. Why wash off and waste all that good flavour? It’s easy to over-salt biltong, making it almost unbearable to eat in bigger quantities (let’s face it, who’s going to only eat a little biltong?), and too much salt can leave a burning sensation, so many recipes call for the salt to be washed off with a water/vinegar solution. My answer? Use less salt! Vinegar does a perfectly good job of sterilising the meat without mountains of salt. The salt is an excellent flavour enhancer and should definitely be included—just a little less to avoid the need for washing. Temperature and airflow What we’re trying to achieve when drying biltong is to concentrate the flavour of the beef by removing a lot of the moisture, similar to ‘dry aging’. A combination of good airflow and relatively cool temperatures are the key to successful biltong making. Contrary to popular belief, heat is not required to make biltong—neither does it make for a better product. As a perfect example of this, the Italians make a beautiful beef product called ‘Bresaola’, which is very slowly air dried at cold temperatures, so as to achieve an even dryness and texture. Although heat doesn’t add to the quality of the product, it can be used to increase air circulation around the meat, by means of a temperature gradient (heat rises!). Having said that, don’t be tempted to try and make it in the oven—biltong takes several days to dry, and most ovens won’t go low enough to dry the meat slowly enough to avoid cooking it. What you’re looking for is a slow drying process with gentle airflow. Many DIY biltong makers will use a ‘biltong box’ with a fan and a lightbulb in to create good air circulation. The key is to draw air around the meat without the airflow being too strong, to avoid ‘case hardening’, whereby the outside becomes overly tough, and the texture gradient falls off too quickly. How to dry biltong I made my first biltong by hanging it from a piece of wood jammed into a window frame beside a cool window, with a fan on low to circulate air. That’s really all you need to make it. If you want a little more control, you can upgrade to a biltong box or other drying box. I’ve since upgraded to an old fridge with the mechanics removed, holes in the bottom, and a fan drawing air past the meat. The airflow is just enough to draw away moisture, but not too fast so as to avoid over drying the outside of the meat. What you’re looking for is cool conditions with good airflow. Room temperature in most houses is fine, but air flow can be a problem. What you want is a good steady stream of air running past the meat, but not too strong. Try to create these conditions in whatever way you see fit. Just make sure you have a little air flow, or the meat can gather mould—I’m sorry to say this has happened to me in the past! If you want to have complete control over drying conditions, either making or buying a ‘biltong box’ might be the best option for you. You can pick them up pretty cheap online. Doneness—How long does it take to dry? I like my biltong a little tough, but still wet in the middle. Some like theirs tough like old leather. Getting it right is down to trial and error. The easiest way to measure dryness is with your fingers. Thoroughly wash and dry your hands, and squeeze the flattest sides of the meat in with your fingers. If there is any give in the meat, there’s still moisture in the middle. Most likely, what you’re looking for is a really tough consistency with just a little bit of give. Leave it too long and you’ll have some tooth-bustingly tough biltong on your hands. That said, it’s fairly forgiving and a day or two over won’t do too much harm. Wet biltong – a slight crust and still wet in the middle If you’re impatient and can’t wait for your biltong to dry, plan ahead and cut some thinner pieces to hang with the rest—these will keep you going while you wait for the thicker stuff to be ready. If you’re really savvy, you might vary the thickness of slices from thin to thick allow for consistent grazing over the drying process (highly recommended). If you find that you’ve cut your biltong early and it’s wetter than you’d like, use clean fingers to rub a little salt and vinegar on the exposed end and hang it back up. Fat on or fat off? This comes down to personal preference. It’s important to note that, while your biltong will shrink by around half the size when dried, the fat doesn’t shrink at the same rate as the muscle. I like a little fat because it helps carry flavour, but I tend to remove most of it before hanging. Large chunks of fat can be a little unpleasant to deal with when eating biltong. Biltong ingredients Every biltong maker has their own preference on spice mix. If you don’t know what you like, I suggest making a few thinner, quick drying pieces to experiment with. Many home biltong makers add a lot of ingredients to their biltong, thinking that adding more will lead to a better result, but in reality they’re muddying the clarity of the flavour and masking the star of the show—good quality meat! Vinegar Traditionally, brown vinegar has been used to make biltong. It really has a recognisable flavour. Some recipes call for balsamic or cider vinegar. I recommend brown vinegar for the best flavour, with cider vinegar coming in a close second. I’ve used cider vinegar a lot, purely because I have a large batch I made at home. Salt Salt is a brilliant flavour enhancer and preservative. It kills bacteria on the outside of the meat, and helps to draw moisture out. It’s tricky to get the salt quantity right. My recipe uses the smallest amount of salt required to make a safe cure, based on the weight of the meat. My local butcher goes way overboard with salt on their biltong. I sometimes use them in case of emergency biltong shortage, so I’m not sure how to break it to them… Coriander Coriander seed is the signature spice that makes biltong instantly recognisable. It’s best to toast the seeds to release the oils for flavour, but also because the oil suppresses bacterial growth. Black pepper Black pepper and beef are a pair made in heaven. Just don’t overdo it—biting into a lump of peppercorn is not a pleasant experience! You want roughly 1/4 pepper to 3/4 coriander seed for a good balance. In most cases, flies aren’t a problem, but pepper has the added benefit of detering them. Brown sugar Brown sugar has a caramel and molasses flavour that adds complexity to the meat, without masking it. The sugar helps with drying through osmosis, latching onto the water molecules and ‘wicking’ them away. It’s not a traditional ingredient if we’re going full purist, but it balances the saltiness well. Too much sugar is really unpleasant though—you’re walking dangerously close to beef jerky territory and I’d really recommend against it. Biltong is a savoury snack, not a desert! Bicarbonate of soda Some recipes call for the addition of bicarbonate of soda. This might seem a little odd, but it has scientific reasoning. The bicarb neutralises the acid in the vinegar, but also acts as a meat tenderiser. It slows the contraction of the proteins, leaving the final product still dry, but less tough. Bicarb has a pretty unpleasant taste, so it’s important to keep the quantity low. If you’re using a good cut like silverside or toprump, you won’t need it at all. Cutting methods Biltong slices cut with a sharp knife If you’ve ever tried cutting over-dried biltong, you’ll know how tough it can be—tough as old boots! In desperation, I’ve taken to resting a knife on top of some over-dried biltong and hitting it with a camping mallet (not recommended, and not only because I upset the neighbours and smashed the chopping board!). There are a lot of creative, almost ceremonial devices on cutting biltong, but I think nothing beats a good, sharp knife. If you want something a little more fancy, there are biltong cutters (a board with a hinged knife attached), biltong knives (traditional knives made for purpose), hand crank mechanical cutters, and at the high end, expensive elecric cutters, mostly used by butchers and biltong suppliers. Dealing with mould Check your biltong every day for mould. If conditions are particulary humid or hot, there’s a chance you might experience this problem. If you see the first signs of mould appearing—white dots or furry mould—use a clean cloth with some vinegar and dab/wipe it off. Be sure to get it all or it’s likely to spread again. If you’ve not checked for a while and found your biltong totally covered, sadly the best place for it is the bin. Good airflow will help to avoid such catastrophes in future. Storing your Biltong After your biltong has dried to your preferred consistency, you can continue to store it hanging in a well aerated space indefinitely. Shops that sell biltong will often hang it and leave it out, and these are ample storage conditions—just try to make sure none of the pieces are touching. It will continue to dry slowly, but it will also keep for a long time this way. If you’ve cut your biltong and want to store it, wrap it in a few paper bags and store it in the fridge. The paper will allow excess moisture to continue leaving the meat, discouraging mould growth. I can’t give accurate advice on how long to store it this way, but I think it’s safe to say that no sane person is going to leave biltong uneaten for more than a few days. It’s just too delicious! Case hardening If there is too much air flow around your biltong, the outside can firm up really quickly, leaving the middle soft. If the case hardening is severe, the tough outer layer can prevent moisture from leaving the middle. If you find that you’ve been testing your biltong for readiness for 2-3 weeks and it just doesn’t seem to be drying in the middle, this may be your problem. If you suspect that case hardening is your problem, I recommend cutting through the end of the meat and checking it. If you’ve got a really raw centre and thick, tough outer surface, give it a try and see if you like the texture. If you don’t, the first option is to vacuum pack the biltong and store it in the fridge for one week to one month, depending on severity. This will balance out the gradient. If you don’t have access to a vacuum sealer, stick your biltong in a paper bag and place it in the fridge for a few days. Rub a little salt on the cut ends to protect them. This should go some way towards fixing the problem. It’s worth noting that the thicker you cut your initial beef cuts, the slower the drying process must be to avoid case hardening, so try cutting thinner next time. However, the best solution to prevent case hardening from occurring is to change your drying setup to reduce air flow. You still need a little air movement, but the slower it dries, the more even the moisture gradient will be from inside to out. So without further ado, here’s my tried and tested biltong recipe. Once you’ve given it a try, please let me know how you like it, and if there are any variations to the traditional ingredients you swear by, no matter how strange! Oh, I also added an extra function to the recipe that allows you to change quantities based on meat weight – don’t say I don’t spoil you! 😉 Print Perfect Biltong Recipe A Biltong recipe that produces consistent results with an authentic, traditional spice mix Course Snack Cuisine South African, Zimbabwean Keyword Biltong, Curing, Dried meats Prep Time 30 minutes minutes Cook Time 5 days days How much does your meat weigh (grams)? Ingredients Meat 2000 g Beef—silverside or toprump Curing spice mix 5 Tbsp Brown (malt) or cider vinegar 2.5 Tbsp Coarse salt (2% of the meat weight) 2 tsp Ground black pepper 2 Tbsp Coriander seed 1.5 Tbsp Brown sugar (optional) Instructions Toast the coriander seeds in a dry pan, then grind down in a pestle and mortar or spice grinder. It should be mostly powder, with a few pieces of seed shells left in. Using a sharp knife, following the grain of the meat, cut into 1 inch (2.5cm) thick lengths and place in a non-metallic container. Combine all the spices and sprinkle into the meat. Sprinkle the vinegar on and rub everything in thoroughly whilst turning the meat with your hands. Cover the container and let your biltong cure for 24 hours in the fridge, turning and rubbing through the meat occasionally. Remove the meat from the container and pat dry with kitchen towels, taking care not to remove too much of the spice. Add a hook to the thickest end of each length. Plastic-covered paper clips make for a cheap solution. Hang in your biltong box, or in a well aired, ventilated space with a fan blowing gently to increase air flow. Do not point a fan directly at the meat (to avoid case hardening). Make sure none of the pieces are touching. Place some newspaper below the meat to catch any liquid. Drying times will vary with humidity, airflow and temperature. Test the readiness of your biltong every couple of days by squeezing the sides together with clean fingers. If you feel any give in the meat, it’s still ‘wet’ inside. Once ready, cut into thin slices with a sharp knife and enjoy some of the best meat you’ll ever eat. Notes Note:- if using cheaper cuts of game or beef, add 1 tsp of bicarbonate of soda per kg to tenderise the meat. Note:- if you don’t have any coarse salt and need to substitute with table salt, double-check that it’s not iodised salt – iodine leaves a bitter taste in the mouth. South African Bobotie Traditionally, Bobotie is an Indonesian dish that was probably brought to South Africa by the Dutch. It consists of a sweet and spicy mince curry topped with an egg mixture. Nowadays, there are various recipes and ways to prepare South African bobotie. In general, the main ingredients are bay leaves, some dried fruit (I always use raisins), fruit chutney and curry powder. The sweetness of the chutney and dried fruit contrasts very nicely with the tangy flavour of the curry powder. Typically it is served with yellow basmati rice and some sambals. Discover how to make traditional South African bobotie here . Bobotie is real traditional food in South Africa and very popular. I have cooked it many times for tourists and it is always one of the highlights of the trip. It is also called a ‘Cape Malay curry’ or ‘Cape Malay bobotie’ because when it was taken to South Africa it was adopted by the Cape Malay community who mainly live in Cape Town . Bobotie has become a signature dish in South Africa, mixing local and exotic flavours. South African bobotie South African bobotie is a fruity and spiced minced meat dish covered with a creamy egg custard. Often considered as South Africa's national dish, this Cape Malay curry has a perfect balance of spice and sweetness. Prep Time10 minutes mins Cook Time50 minutes mins Total Time1 hour hr Course: Main Course Cuisine: South African Servings: 4 Author: Sabine Cook ModePrevent your screen from going dark Ingredients 1½ pound (or 700 grams) beef mince 1 large onion finely diced 2 cloves garlic minced ⅔ cup (or 100 grams) raisins 3 tablespoons apricot jam 2 slices white bread remove crusts ½ cup (or 125 ml) full cream milk 2 tablespoons flaked almonds 2 tablespoons cooking oil Spices 1 tablespoon turmeric 1 teaspoon ground cumin ½ teaspoon ground cinnamon ¼ teaspoon cayenne pepper 2 teaspoons curry powder mild 1 teaspoon dried herbs oregano and basil mix pepper to taste salt to taste Egg custard 3 eggs ½ teaspoon turmeric ½ teaspoon ground cumin salt to taste Instructions Preheat the oven to 365°F or 185°C. Take 2 bowls. Soak the crustless slices of bread in the milk. Soak the raisins in water. Set both bowls aside. In a large pan or skillet, heat cooking oil and sauté the onions over medium heat for 5 minutes until translucent. Add all the spices, minced garlic and ground beef while stirring regularly to break down into small grains. Cook for about 10 minutes until brown. Add the apricot jam and mix well. Meanwhile, squeeze the milk out of the bread with your hands, but preserve the milk in a separate bowl to use for the egg topping. Drain the water from the raisins. Add the raisins, bread and almond flakes to the mixture and stir well together. Cook for another 5 minutes on medium heat. Transfer the mixture into an oven dish. Use the back of a spoon to press the beef mixture down and flatten well to make the top smooth. The egg topping needs to stay on top and not disappear into the meat. In a mixing bowl, whisk together the eggs, turmeric, cumin, salt and the milk that was used to soak the bread. Pour the egg mixture over the meat, arrange the bay leaves on top. Put in the oven and bake for 20 minutes until the egg custard is set. Serve immediately with yellow rice and tomato salad. Bunny Chow Bunny Chow Bunny Chow originates from Durban, which is on the east coast of South Africa. It was created by the large Indian immigrant population in the Durban area and served for lunch. A Bunny Chow has nothing to do with a rabbit but consists of a hollowed out quarter or half loaf of bread filled up with a tasty Indian curry made from beans or meat (mutton, beef or chicken). The bread is used as a dish to hold the curry, which is then broken off into small pieces and used to dip in the curry. Nowadays, Bunny Chow has become very popular around South Africa as a staple food of the country and is even booming in the United Kingdom. ▢ 1/2 cup canola or cooking oil ▢ 1 medium onion ▢ 2 teaspoons minced garlic ▢ 1 teaspoons minced ginger ▢ 1 cinnamon stick ▢ 1 Tablespoon curry powder or more ▢ 2-3 curry leaves diced ▢ 3 green cardamom pods ▢ 1 1/2 teaspoon paprika ▢ ½ teaspoon cayenne pepper optional ▢ 2 medium tomatoes diced ▢ 1 pound chicken thighs or breast cut in bite-sized pieces lightly crushed ▢ 8 ounce or less potatoes cleaned and cut into cubes ▢ 1 15 ounce can chickpeas rinsed and drained ▢ 11/2 cup or more chicken broth or water ▢ Salt and pepper to taste Koeksister Koeksisters (Afrikaner) This sweet treat consists of deep-fried dough soaked in syrup. Another dish originating from the Dutch settlers, it now comes in two varieties. The Afrikaans braided version is crispy on the outside and very syrupy on the inside, and the Cape Malay version is soft and spicy, covered in coconut and usually unbraided. We celebrate National Koeksister Day on 23 June. Malay koeksister Where did the name come from? There are two theories as to the origin of the name. The word “koek” means cake in both. “Sister” either refers to sisters making them or it is derived from a Dutch word meaning “sizzle” which refers to the sizzling sound made when the dough is being fried. Potjiekos Potjiekos is another traditional and popular South African food. Potjiekos means ‘food out of a pot’, or just ‘pot food’. It is a stew cooked in layers but not stirred in a three legged cast iron pot over an open fire. The whole idea of this way of preparation is slow cooking. Potjiekos may take up to three hours to cook and sometimes even more, depending on the meat one is using, and the size of the pot. One single pot can be big enough to feed up to 100 people and take 24 hours to cook. Any type of meat, fish or vegetables can be used for this dish. It’s a fun way of cooking, where everyone sits around the fire and pot, and has a drink, or 2 or 3, until the food is ready. I love cooking in a potjie pot since there is so much opportunity for variation and so many flavours one can try out. It’s a very relaxing way of cooking where everyone enjoys the aromas coming out the pot while socialising and having a drink together. The South African Braai A braai is the South African answer to a barbecue. However, it’s more than just grilling on coals, a South African braai is a way of life. Almost every South African loves to braai, it’s a very social activity, but you need to beware that the whole ritual comes with some rules. Generally, the men are in charge of the braai and all gather around the fire, while the women are preparing the rest of the food in the kitchen. Any type of meat can be used; boerewors, beef steak, pork chops, game meat/venison and lamb. Very nice on any braai is Karoo Lamb, which has a very authentic South African flavour. It’s so popular that they even proclaimed a National Braai Day on the 24th of September, claiming every South African should braai on that day. (Heritage Day) Braaibroodjies Braaibroodjies are grilled cheese sandwiches prepared on the braai, South African style. They are a traditional side dish to any South African barbecue. For many people around the world, a toasted cheese sandwich is something to eat for a quick meal or light lunch. In South Africa it forms an integral part of the South African braai experience. Traditional braaibroodjies are made with cheese, tomato, onion, apricot chutney or apricot jam and butter and then grilled to perfection in a closed braai grid over a medium hot fire. Chakalaka Take your taste buds on an adventure with this homemade chakalaka recipe – a spicy, savory relish that’s perfect as a condiment or side dish, and it’s also delicious on its own! South African Relish Chakalaka is a flavorful vegetable relish. It is a staple in South African cuisine that’s popular for its spicy, savory taste. It is made from colorful ingredients like tomato, bell peppers, onion, carrots, and chili. It is also very versatile as it can be served with nearly any meal. How to make Chakalaka Heat the oil in a large pan, add the onions and sauté them until they become translucent. After, stir in the minced garlic, ginger, and curry powder Add the grated carrots, green and red pepper, and mix well, and cook for about a minute. Add the diced tomatoes. Stir to combine, cover, and cook over low heat for about 5 to 10 mins or till the mixture is thick but still moist. Stir in the baked beans and leave to simmer for another 5 minutes. Cooking Tips Adjust the heat to mild or high to suit your taste and preferences. You can make chakalaka without chili flakes if you want. How to serve Chakalaka This recipe is versatile. It can go with almost anything. Pair it with the following: Crusty bread White rice South African Mielie pap Barbecues French toast Custard Peri-peri Chicken Pot Roast Mashed potatoes Braai Biltong Braai - Potjiekos - Pap Braai Braai A braai is a Southern African tradition. The word means “barbecue” or “roast” in Afrikaans. Braais originated with the Afrikaner people, but these days most South Africans have one regularly. More than a meal, it is a social experience as family and friends gather around and chat, while the food is cooked on a wood or charcoal fire. South Africans traditionally love meat and meats that are commonly braaied include sausages, boerewors, lamb chops, steak and chicken. However, braais are not restricted to meat. Other foods that are regularly braaied include potatoes, corn on the cob, marshmallows and braaibroodjies – grilled cheese, tomato and onion sandwiches made on the braai. The braaied food is normally served with sides like salads, garlic bread, pap and tomato chutney. Braais are known as Shisa Nyama in the townships . The Zulu phrase literally means to "burn meat". Potjiekos Potjie kos (cc: Chrstphr.jones - Wikimedia Commons) Potjiekos (small-pot food) is food that is slow-cooked over a fire in a 3-legged cast iron pot called a potjie. It originated with the Voortrekkers in the 1800s and has been part of South African culture since. Almost anything can be cooked in a potjie, and the resulting dish is delicious and flavourful. My personal favourite is chicken curry. Like braais, potjiekos gatherings are also social events. Pap (Maize Meal) Pap and boerewors Pap (pronounced pup) is a staple food for many South Africans, the way rice is in many parts of Asia. It is a starchy porridge-style dish made from a type of maize known as mielies, which was originally brought by the Portuguese to Africa. It can be eaten for breakfast with milk and sugar or as part of a main meal with a vegetable or meat dish. It is often eaten with chakalaka, a spicy vegetable relish, or boerewors. Gatsby - kota - Vetkoek Gatsby Fully loaded Gatsby A Gatsby is a family-sized stuffed roll that originated in the Cape Flats region of Cape Town in 1976. A local fish and chips shop owner had to feed a group of laborers. Since he had run out of fish, he improvised with whatever he had left and filled a Portuguese loaf with chips (French fries), polony and achar (hot Indian pickle). The huge roll was then divided among the labourers. These days it is served in a foot-long loaf, and filled with fried fish, chicken, masala steak, eggs, and/or sausages. Where did the name come from? The Great Gatsby movie (the original) was being screened in cinemas at the time and the word Gatsby was used by one of the labourers to describe the sandwich as a winning dish. According to UrbanDictionary.com , Gatsby means “excessively extravagant, cool, stylish”. Kota A kota is similar to a bunny chow in that it also consists of a quarter loaf (kota) of bread which is hollowed out and then refilled However, whereas a bunny chow has a curry filling, the kota loaf is stuffed with a combination of processed meats like polony, viennas, and Russian sausages, as well as achar, deep-fried chips, egg, and cheese. To the health-conscious, it may sound like a heart attack on a plate (or in this case, a quarter loaf), but it does rate high up in the popularity stakes. Did you know that Nando’s, which specialises in Portuguese-African food and is one of the most popular food franchises in the world, was started in South Africa in 1987. There are over 300 stores in South Africa, so you don’t have to look far to find one here. Amagwinya/Vetkoek Amagwinga / Vetkoek Vetkoek (fat cake) is a popular fried yeast dough eaten as a snack. It is usually filled with a savoury filling like mince curry or a sweet filling like jam. It also has its origins with the Dutch settlers who preferred deep frying their dough balls - as it was easier to make and lasted longer than traditional bread. SOUTH AFRICAN MILK TART (MELKTERT) An indulgent South African dessert also known as South African Milk Tart. It’s a traditional sweet pie with a flaky crust and cinnamon dusting. It can be served with a cup of tea or served as dinner! You will love every bite. South African Milk Tart Yield: servings Prep Time: 45 minutes minutes Cook Time: 30 minutes minutes Total Time: 1 hour hour 15 minutes minutes This traditional South African dessert is creamy and delicate. Make it for Easter, Mother’s Day or teatime any day! ingredients Sweet Shortcrust Pastry 6 ounces butter softened ½ cup 100g sugar 1 egg 2 cups 300g all-purpose flour pinch salt ¼ teaspoon 1.25ml pure almond extract Filling 4 cups 950ml milk 1 tablespoon 0.5 ounces butter ½ cup 100g sugar 2 eggs 3 tablespoons 24g cornstarch 3 tablespoons 24g all-purpose flour 1 teaspoon 5ml pure vanilla extract pinch salt 1 tablespoon 14.3g cinnamon instructions For the crust Cream the butter and add the sugar. Beat in the egg and almond extract. Stir in the flour and salt. Knead until a soft dough has formed. Chill for 10 minutes. Roll the dough out onto a lightly floured surface and layer it into a greased pie dish. Cover with a sheet of parchment paper and fill the void with pie weights. Bake blind at 350 degrees for 15 minutes. Remove parchment and pie weights. Allow crust to cool completely on a wire rack. For the filling In a heat proof bowl, whisk together the eggs, sugar, cornstarch, flour and vanilla. Set aside. In a medium size saucepan, heat the milk and butter at medium setting. Do not bring to a rolling boil. Add about a fourth of the milk to the egg mixture, whisking to incorporate it evenly. Pour the mixture back into the saucepan with the remainder of the milk. Return to heat and stir constantly until it thickens. Do not boil! Pour the filling into the pie crust and let cool completely. Refrigerate until serving. Sprinkle with cinnamon before serving. Bobotie Bobotie is a delicious South African dish made with minced meat cooked with spices such as curry powder, herbs, and dried fruit before being covered with an egg and milk combination and baked until set. This recipe is sure to delight and please your taste buds!!! This classic dish from South Africa, Bobotie (pronounced ba-bo-tea), is made with ground beef seasoned to perfection, and a creamy, decadent topping. It is rich, savory, spicy, aromatic, and zingy. A comforting meal, full of the flavors of Africa! Ingredients Units Scale 3 slices of bread 1 cup + 1/2 cup milk, divided 2 tablespoons olive oil 2 large onions, roughly chopped 4 teaspoons medium curry powder 1 teaspoon dried herbs (whatever you’ve got around – oregano, basil, marjoram, etc.) 1 teaspoon ground cumin 1/2 teaspoon ground turmeric 2 garlic cloves, finely chopped 1 1/2 pound ground beef 1/2 cup fruit chutney 1 tablespoon apricot jam Zest and juice of one medium lemon, divided 4 teaspoons tomato paste Salt and pepper 2 large eggs 4 bay leaves Cook Mode Prevent your screen from going dark Instructions Preheat your oven to 350°F. Soak the bread in 1 cup of milk. Heat the olive oil in a wide skillet set over medium heat. Once the oil is hot, add the onions, and cook until soft. Add the curry powder , mixed herbs, ground cumin , turmeric, and garlic, and stirring constantly, allow to cook for a minute or two until the garlic is soft. Add the ground beef, and cook, stirring frequently to break up any big chunks, until browned. Once the beef is browned, remove the skillet from the heat, and stir in the chutney, apricot jam , all the lemon zest, half the lemon juice, tomato paste, and salt and pepper to taste. Mix well, give it a taste, and add more lemon juice, salt, and pepper as desired. It should be delightfully zingy! Squeeze the milk from the bread, reserving the milk for later, and smooshing and tearing the bread into small pieces. Mix the bread into the beef mixture, and spread evenly into an oven-proof dish. Strain the milk that has come from the bread, and add the remaining 1/2 cup of milk. Beat in the eggs, and season with 1/4 teaspoon salt and pepper to taste. Pour this over the meat, and decoratively scatter the bay leaves on top. Bake, uncovered, at 350°F for 45 minutes, or until golden brown. Authentic Boerewors Recipe – South African Sausages No matter where they settle in the world, South Africans will find a fellow countryman who can make boerewors, or they will learn to make it themselves – that’s how much they miss their traditional sausage. Boerewors, translated from Afrikaans, a language derived from the Dutch settlers, means farmer’s sausage; the word boer means farmer. It has a rather crumbly texture and was made in the past by individual farmers and hunters. Boerewors on braai with pap inside the Dutch oven. Photo by Harry Cunningham on Unsplash South Africans don’t like the meat for their boerewors ground to a fine texture and, at barbeques around the world where South Africans are present, there will be passionate discussions on the taste, spicing and texture of the boerewors. If you call it a sausage, a South African might look at you and say, “It’s not a sausage, it’s boerewors,” with the implication that it’s way above other beef and pork sausages. Boerewors is most often cooked outdoors at a ‘braai’, and that means it’s not a quick switch-on-the-gas type of barbeque where you cook, eat and leave. It’s a whole afternoon or evening event of constructing the perfect wood or charcoal fire which must be at just the right heat. It may take some time to get to the correct temperature, and will involve drinking copious amounts of beer and brandy, with the conversation getting louder and louder, and the stories taller. Finally, the braai master and his assistants will announce that the fire is ready, meaning whoever is doing the side dishes better have their act together because the meat won’t take more than around half an hour. Most boerewors these days in the cities and towns are made from beef, but for hunters with access to venison and wild boar, the possibilities are endless in creating boerewors that are a crowd pleaser. One of the tastiest ones I have ever had was made by a farmer friend from a mixture of venison – duiker and warthog – rather an unusual combination, but it was perfect. Go to any South African supermarket, and there will be a large range of boerewors – some have bacon added, cheese, and garlic, and some are really spicy with the addition of peri-peri – a type of chili common in Mozambique, a neighboring country on the East Coast of Africa. Spicing Boerewors The spices used in a traditional boerewors recipe will include coriander, allspice, cloves, and nutmeg among others. Now it depends on how much of a purist you are – some people believe that spices should be freshly ground for the best flavor so they will buy whole cloves to grind, whole nutmeg to grate, and dry roast their coriander seeds before crushing them. Other people use commercially ground spices as you see in this picture. The easiest option is to buy a ready mixed boerewors spice pack, and just add it to the meat. The pack comes with a handy guide to tell you how much spice to add per pound of meat. Perhaps once you get into making boerewors, try the different methods and see if you can detect a difference in the taste, and let us know in the comment section. Cooking Boerewors When you cook boerewors on the braai (barbeque), you do not cut it into individual sausages like you do with pork sausages – it is cooked whole in a coil and only after cooking is it then cut into suitable lengths. The casing should not be damaged during cooking otherwise the juices will leak out and it will be dry. Often the boerewors are placed inside a grilling basket to make turning the whole coil easier on the braai. Cooking Time Boerewors takes around 20 minutes whether it is cooked over hot coals on a braai (BBQ), fried in a pan on the stove, or grilled or baked in the oven. The braai masters will test by cutting off a small piece from the tail of the coil and inspecting it. If it still shows signs of pinkness it needs to be cooked a bit longer but definitely not too long or it won’t be as tender. This sampling is part of the process of braaiing the perfect boerewors, and not ‘stealing’ bits of meat off the grill! Earning the Boerewors Label How do sausages get classified at boerewors? In South Africa it can’t be sold as authentic stuff unless it has: ✅ 90% meat content – beef, pork, lamb, or goat ( no other type of meat) ✅ 30% or less fat The following are not allowed as ingredients: ❌ offal (excludes the casing) ❌ mechanically removed meat ❌ soy or vegetable protein ❌ color additives Various spices, permitted additives, and some starch, such as maize meal may be added. These measures were taken to ensure boerewors remains as true to the original as possible. If a product is labeled ‘wors’ then it’s not genuine boerewors – the special label of ‘boerewors’ being attached only to sausages that have passed the requirements regarding content. Farmers and hunters make their own boerewors, sometimes using venison from kudu, eland or springbok. Their wors is mixed with pork – from domestic, wild pig or warthog. According to the current South African legislation that defines boerewors, it’s not boerewors, but is probably the most authentic way it was made back in the days of the pioneers. Instead, if it is sold it must be labeled with the name of the predominant meat used – for example kudu wors. If you are a hunter then go ahead and use your venison for making ‘boerewors’ – the texture and the spicing are just as important as the meat, and it must include some pork for the required taste and fat content. Refining Your Skills Once you start making boerewors at home, you may want to tweak the recipe until everyone agrees on the taste, spiciness, and texture. Then you can start experimenting by adding cheese or garlic, or whatever customized flavor you wish to create. Super-Secret Tips from a South-African The meat for boerewors should not be frozen – fresh is best. The pork fat is necessary – a certain amount of fat is good as it makes the product tastier and juicier. Some recipes call for the addition of spek – the Afrikaans word for bacon. The smokiness of the bacon gives an additional flavor to the boerewors, which is then marketed as spekwors. The bacon can be obtained in chunks from your local butcher, and is sometimes sold as ‘speck’ (note the difference in spelling to the Afrikaans word), although genuine speck, a lightly smoked Italian ham, is made from the deboned leg of pork rather than belly fat. Chunks of cheese may sometimes be added – to make kaaswors. This is absolutely delicious served warm with the cheese melting into the meat. Boerewors Casing Cleaned intestines are usually used for the casings , and come packed with salt which needs to be rinsed off before carefully threading the casing onto your sausage stuffer. Boerewors is a fairly thick sausage so a 36 mm (1.4 inches) casing or one close to these dimensions is good to use. Equipment If you are an old hand at making various sausages then you won’t want to know about equipment as you’ll have your own. If you have never done this before then you will need a meat grinder/sausage stuffer. I prefer this all-in one-version that is fairly sturdy to get the job done. If you are not sure about which meat grinder brand to buy, then this video gives you the reviewer’s five best options, which may help you make a choice: If your meat grinder doesn’t come with a sausage stuffer attachment, you may need to buy a separate vertical sausage stuffer which is probably better than the ones that are horizontal. This is mainly because, unless you have super long arms, it’s hard to turn the handle and control the sausage at the same time, making it more of a two-person job. Boerewors Recipe Print Recipe Pin Recipe Ingredients 4.5 lbs. beef = 2.5 kgs, top round roast or brisket, silverside 2.5 lbs. fatty pork cut = 1.1 kgs, shoulder, neck or belly 50 ml coriander seeds 1/2 teaspoon nutmeg fresh grated, scant 1/2 teaspoon 1/4 teaspoon ground cloves 1.5ml 1 teaspoon ground allspice 5 ml 5 teaspoons salt = 25 ml 1 teaspoon fresh ground black pepper 125 ml Malt (dark) vinegar 50 ml Worcestershire sauce 1 pack wide sausage casing Instructions Trim the beef and pork, discarding any sinew, and trim into longish pieces about 3 inches wide. This just makes it easier for the meat grinder (South Africans call it a mincer) to process. Place all your trimmed meats in a large container. Put the meat mix through the grinder on a large blade. Dry roast the coriander seeds in a pan on medium heat, stirring to make sure they don’t burn, then remove from the heat when they are a golden brown color. Crush the seeds coarsely in a food processor or use a mortar and pestle. Add the dry spices, the vinegar and the Worcestershire sauce to the meat, or if using a readymade boerewors spice mix then follow the instructions on the pack, then add to the meat. Mix and leave in the fridge for two hours for the flavors to absorb. Put through the grinder on a medium size blade which enables the spices to be incorporated through the meat. Use your sausage stuffer to fill the casings with the boerewors mix. Roll your coils of boerewors neatly, ready to braai, and the extra can be bagged and frozen until you need them. Popular South African food South African Boerewors Boerewors is a typical South African sausage often packed as a continuous spiral. The word is derived from Dutch and means ‘farmers sausage’. It is made from lean minced meat, usually beef, but can also be made from game meat or pork or a combination of various meats. What makes Boerewors so special is the use of a blend of authentic flavours and spices, like nutmeg, coriander, black pepper and cloves mixed in with the meat. It comes with so many different variations and flavours. Basically, one can say that no two South African boerewors’s taste the same. It is very popular at any South African braai, and is a common street food at festivals and sports events. Cape Malay Chicken Curry If you are looking for Malay chicken curry, you should try this Cape Malay chicken curry recipe. Using tomatoes, instead of coconut milk, brings a subtle tang to the dish that is quite delicious. This Malaysian chicken curry is mild enough for everyone to enjoy. I made this cape Malay chicken curry recipe not long ago and thought I can start training myself making curries more often with this recipe. As far as I know, this is not an authentic Malaysian chicken curry. The name Cape comes from the Western Cape province in South Africa where a good number of Malaysians dwell, and whom originated this recipe. Ingredients 4 tbsp oil 1 medium onion, finely chopped 2 tbsp ginger, finely chopped 1 tsp chili flakes, or fresh hot peppers to taste 1 1/2 tsp coriander seeds 2 tsp fennel, ground, or 4 tsp whole fennel seeds 1 1/2 tsp ground cumin 1 tsp turmeric 1/2-1 tsp black pepper, coarsely ground 15 cardamom pods , whole pods 1/2 tsp cinnamon 1 tbsp garam masala 14 oz can crushed tomatoes , or diced tomatoes 1 1/2 lb chicken pieces 2 tsp garlic, finely chopped 2 tsp brown sugar 1 tbsp lemon juice 2 -3 tsp salt Instructions Put the 7 spices — from the coriander seeds down to the garam masala — in a mortar and pestle. Pound them together so the cardamom pods burst and the whole thing becomes a mess of spices. Discard the skin of cardamom pods. Continue to pound the spices until they become like a powder. Heat the oil in a pot, add the onion and ginger over fairly high heat, and stir occasionally for a few minutes. Add the chili flakes and spices and stir for 2 minutes. You might need to add more oil (Spices slurp up oil as they fry) Add the can of crushed tomatoes and stir. Cook until everything bubbles up together. Add the chicken pieces, and stir to coat well, keeping heat high until everything is bubbling away. Turn the heat down, put on a lid, and simmer for about 20 minutes. Add the garlic, sugar, lemon juice and salt to the curry. Cover with lid but leave a small opening for a steam to escape; simmer for 15 minutes or longer. Taste the sauce, and adjust seasoning according to your taste. Near the end of cooking, skim off extra oil/fat with a spoon, as it collects in corners of the pot, if needed. Serve the curry warm with rice. Peppermint Crisp Peppermint Crisp fridge tart Print Prep time 4 hours 30 mins Total time 4 hours 30 mins Looking for that long-lost delicious Peppermint Crisp pudding recipe that you remember from your South African childhood? Well, you’ve found it! Author: Jeanne Horak-Druiff Recipe type: Dessert Cuisine: South African Serves: 6-8 Ingredients 250ml Orley Whip or whipping cream, whipped to soft peaks 2 packets of Tennis biscuits (although you will probably use less) 375g tin of caramelised condensed milk or dulce du leche 20ml caster sugar 3 Peppermint Crisp chocolate bars, crushed 3-4 drops of peppermint essence (more, if you like it minty) Instructions Whip the Orley Whip and then add the caramelised condensed milk, castor sugar and peppermint essence. Beat until well mixed and then stir in ⅔ of the crushed Peppermint Crisp. Place a layer of whole tennis biscuits in a buttered 29x19x5cm dish. Spoon ⅓ of the caramel mix over the biscuits and spread evenly. Continue in layers, finishing with a layer of filling on top. Refrigerate for at least 4 hours. Decorate by sprinkling the remainder of crushed peppermint crisp on top. Cut into squares and serve. Notes SUBSTITUTIONS: You can substitute double or whipping cream for Orley Whip, but the outcome may be even richer than this pudding already is. I used Elmlea, a half-dairy cream available in the UK. For caramelised condensed milk, you can use tinned Carnation Caramel; dulce du leche; or you can make your own by boiling a tin of normal sweetened condensed milk for 3 hours (warning: may be hazardous!!). The Tennis biscuits may prove problematic. Best suggestions I have seen are Nice biscuits, McVitie's coconut rings, Shirley Coconut Biscuits - or digestive biscuits or enev ginger nuts at a push. Peppermint Crisp is also manufactured and available in Australia and New Zealand (and via Amazon at a price) but really has no exact substitute. You could try Peppermint Aero or Cadbury's Mint Crisp. Vetkoek and Curried Mince If there is anything quintessentially South African it must be vetkoek and curried mince! I challenge you to find a single South African that doesn’t like vetkoek, it is such a versatile vehicle for all kinds of toppings. Curried mince, chicken mayonnaise, golden syrup, strawberry jam…you can just about add anything to vetkoek and it will be delicious. Granted it isn’t the most healthy of food considering it is deep fried but this is the type of food you make once in a while, perhaps for a large crowd or maybe just for a lazy sunday evening supper but one thing is for certain. There will NEVER be any leftovers when you do make them. I have developed this vetkoek and curried mince recipe to be as easy as possible. The dough is made the night before and left in the fridge to proof so there is no kneading. If you do want to use the dough straight away then by all means just do a quick 5 minute knead and then let sit in a warm place for 40 minutes. The mince is made cape malay style with a hint of sweetness and a mild curry flavour. I add a bit of Mrs Balls Chutney to mine to amp up the flavour but you can use any type of chutney you have on hand or even just some smooth apricot jam. I’m going to break this post into two recipes. One for the vetkoek and the other for the curried mince if you would like to make it as a filling. A traditional vetkoek (fried dough) recipe paired with an amazing curried mince that is sure to please everyone. Vetkoek can be paired with all kinds of fillings both savoury and sweet. Author: Daryl Prep Time: 30 minutes Cook Time: 30 minutes Total Time: 60 minutes + proofing time Yield: 8 Category: Mains Method: Frying Cuisine: South African Ingredients For the vetkoek 5 cups all purpose flour (plus additional for dusting) 10ml salt 30ml sugar 7g packet of instant yeast 2 cups lukewarm water Oil for deep frying For the curried mince 500g minced beef 15ml olive oil 1 large onion diced 3 cloves of garlic finely minced 5ml ground ginger 2.5ml smoked paprika 5ml black pepper 5ml ground coriander 2.5ml ground cumin 15ml mild curry powder 30ml tomato paste 30ml chutney or smooth apricot jam 1/2 cup water 1 medium potato diced 1 cup frozen diced mixed peas and carrots Salt to taste Instructions For the vetkoek Add the flour, sugar, yeast and salt into a bowl Slowly add the water whilst mixing until you have a shaggy dough transfer to a floured surface and bring the dough together No need to knead unless you want to use the dough immediately. If using the dough on the same day knead briefly for 5 minutes and then cover and let proof for 40 minutes If leaving overnight, transfer the dough to a bowl and cover with plastic wrap. Let proof in the fridge overnight When ready to make the vetkoek pre-heat your oil in a large heavy based pot to 180 degrees c (350 defrees f) divide dough into equal size pieces. I aim for a ball just under a tennis ball size flatten the ball so that when cooking it doesn’t take too long to cook the interior Place each flattened ball into the oil and cook until golden, flip as needed until each side is golden brown. Place on a cooling rack and allow any excess oil to drain. Repeat the cooking process until all the dough is cooked For the curried mince In a medium pot heat oil on high heat Add the mince and fry until browned (this may take a while) Add the chopped onions and fry until soft Add the garlic, ginger, paprika, black pepper, ground coriander, ground cumin and curry powder and cook for 5 minutes stirring constantly Add the tomato paste and cook for another 2 minutes Add the chutney or jam and water and lower the heat to low Add salt to taste Cover and simmer for 30 minutes Add the potatoes, and mixed veg and mix through. Cover and cook for an additional 30 minutes Curry should be thick with very little water left, if not uncover and simmer until you reach the desired consistency To serve Cut the vetkoek in half and fill with the slightly cooled curried mince mixture or any savoury mixture of your choice (chicken mayo, ham and cheese) For dessert spread golden syrup or jam onto the vetkoek and enjoy! Sosaties (South African lamb and apricot kebabs) Sosaties are traditional South African meat skewers usually served as appetizers or snacks on the side of other dishes. Sosaties are a classic part of a South African braai (BBQ) and for good reason - these marinated kebabs are delicious! Prep Time10 minutes mins Cook Time10 minutes mins Total Time20 minutes mins Course: Main Course Cuisine: South African Servings: 4 (skewers, approx - may serve less) Calories: 214kcal Author: Caroline's Cooking Save Ingredients For marinade ¼ onion 1 clove garlic grated or finely chopped 1 teaspoon ginger (fresh) grated or finely chopped 3 tablespoon apricot jam 3 tablespoon wine vinegar (white or red - I used white) 1 tablespoon curry powder (eg Madras) ½ tablespoon ground cumin ¼ teaspoon salt For rest of skewers 1 lb lamb leg diced - can also use shoulder 16 dried apricots approx ½ onion US Customary - Metric Instructions Finely chop the onion then soften it in a little oil in a small pan until it is becoming translucent but not browning. Add the garlic and ginger and cook a minute then add the vinegar, jam, curry powder, cumin and salt. Mix well then remove from heat and leave to cool. Dice the lamb into relatively large dice (around 1 ½-2 inch/ 4-5cm dice), trimming excess fat or sinew. Mix the cooled marinade through the lamb then cover and leave a few hours or overnight, refrigerated. Soak the apricots in hot water to soften for around 15-20 minutes. Thread the meat onto skewers along with the soaked dried apricots and chunks of onion, putting one or other between each chunk of meat. Cook on a grill/bbq until the meat is cooked through then serve. Video Sosaties Nutrition Calories: 214kcal | Carbohydrates: 28g | Protein: 17g | Fat: 4g | Saturated Fat: 1g | Cholesterol: 45mg | Sodium: 201mg | Potassium: 648mg | Fiber: 3g | Sugar: 20g | Vitamin A: 2745IU | Vitamin C: 17.1mg | Calcium: 43mg | Iron: 2.9mg Yellow Rice recipe Yellow rice is eaten with the Cape Malay dish called Bobotie. Ingredients 2 cups of rice ¾ cup raisins, soaked in water for 20 minutes, then drained 1 teaspoon of turmeric a dash of salt 2 sticks of cinnamon Instructions on how to make it Place all the ingredients, including the raisins in about 750ml of water, bring to the boil and simmer for 15 to 20 minutes. If there is still excess water in the pot when the rice is tender, pour it out carefully. Dot the rice with a few blobs of butter and give it a sprinkling of cinnamon sugar (come on Penny, a little sugar and a little cinnamon powder, mixed together). Buttermilk Rusks recipe This is a traditional yeast-baked rusk - great for dunking in your tea or coffee early in the morning when you watch the sun rise as the boer trekkers did every morning when they traveled from the Cape to the Transavaal. If the rusks are to be kept for a long time, do not substitute margarine for the butter. Ingredients 375g butter 500g sugar 2 extra large eggs 1,5kg self-raising flour 30ml (2 tablespoons) baking powder 500ml (2 cups) buttermilk or plain drinking yogurt Instructions on how to make it Preheat oven to 180°C. Cream the butter and sugar together very well. Add the eggs, one at a time. Sift the flour and baking powder together, and add this to the creamed mixture, using a fork to mix. Add the buttermilk or yogurt, using a little milk to rinse out the carton. Mix well with a fork and then knead lightly. Pack lightly rolled, golf ball sized buns of the dough into the greased bread pans close together, and bake for 45-55 minutes. Place the pans in the middle of the oven, with a sheet of brown paper on the top shelf to protect the buns from becoming browned too quickly. Remove the paper after the buns are well risen and cooked through, to brown the tops. Reduce the heat to the lowest possible setting. Turn out the buns on to cake racks, cool them and separate them, using 2 forks. Pack them on wire racks or on cooled oven racks – air must circulate. Place them in the cool oven, leaving the door ajar, for 4-5 hours, or overnight, to dry out South African Pepper Steak Pie Recipe The South African Pepper Steak Pie Recipe is a traditional dish from the vibrant and diverse culinary landscape of South Africa. This flavorful recipe is known for its rich history and is a favorite among locals and visitors alike. South Africa, with its blend of cultures and traditions, has given rise to a unique fusion of flavors in its cuisine. One of the standout dishes in this culinary tapestry is the South African Pepper Steak Pie Recipe. This dish holds a special place in the hearts and kitchens of many South Africans, reflecting the country’s diverse heritage. Additionally, the South African Pepper Steak Pie Recipe often features a variety of vegetables and protein sources such as beef, lamb, or chicken. These ingredients contribute to a well-balanced meal that provides essential nutrients like protein, vitamins, and minerals. The use of aromatic spices like cloves, cinnamon, and cardamom not only enhances the flavor but may also offer health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory properties. South African Cheese Scones Recipe South African Cheese Scones recipes are a baked pastry often enjoyed as a snack or appetizer. They are characterized by their fluffy texture and cheesy, slightly tangy taste. Historically, South Africa’s traditions have been influenced by various cultures, including Dutch, British, Indian, and indigenous African cuisines. The cheese scone recipe is a testament to this fusion. The use of cheese, a staple in many Western diets, combines with indigenous ingredients and techniques, creating a unique South African twist on a classic British pastry. Equipment Mixing bowl Baking sheet Pastry cutter or fork Grater (for cheese) Measuring cups and spoons Whisk or wooden spoon Pastry brush (optional) Ingredients 1 cup flour 1 tsp baking powder 1 tsp salt 1/2 cup milk 2 tbsp mayonaise 1 cup cheese 1/2 cup chives Instructions Preheat oven to 400F. Spray a 12 cup muffin pan with cooking spray. Mix ingredients until blended. The batter should have a drop scone consistency. Spoon batter into muffin cups until 3/4 full. Bake for 20-25 minutes, until golden brown. Remove from oven. Allow to cool for 5 minutes and turn out onto a cooling rack, or into a lined basket. Serve warm, with finely shaved smoked ham or apricto preserves (South Africans like the combination of savory and sweet). South African Pumpkin Fritters Recipe South African Pumpkin Fritters recipes are a delightful dish that holds a special place in South African culture. These fritters, commonly known as “Pampoenkoekies” in Afrikaans, are a part of the country’s heritage. Their history dates back to the early Dutch settlers who brought their cooking traditions to the region in the 17th century. The South African Pumpkin Fritters recipe is made from a simple yet wholesome combination of grated pumpkin, flour, sugar, and a hint of spices such as cinnamon and nutmeg. These ingredients are mixed together to form a thick batter, which is then spooned into hot oil and fried until golden brown. The result is a crispy, golden exterior that encases a soft and tender interior. The South African Pumpkin Fritters recipes are more than just a tasty treat; they are also a reflection of the country’s cultural influences. South Africa’s culinary traditions have been shaped by the indigenous people, Dutch, Malay, Indian, and other communities who have made this land their home. The South African Pumpkin Fritters recipe, with their blend of sweet and spicy flavors, showcases this fusion. Historically, South African Pumpkin Fritter recipes were prepared during special occasions and celebrations, such as weddings and festivals. They symbolize unity and togetherness, as they are often shared among family and friends. Equipment Pots, Pans and Cooking Equipment Needed for The South African Pumpkin Fritters Recipe Top Ways to Make A Better South African Pumpkin Fritters Recipe Best Way to Store Leftovers From The South African Pumpkin Fritters Recipe Tips and Tricks For Easier Creation Ingredients 2 cups pumpkin cooked 1/2 cup all-purpose flour 1/2 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon 2 teaspoons baking powder not soda 2 tablespoons sugar granulated 2 large eggs oil for frying sugar cinnamon flavor Instructions 1.The dry ingredients should be combined in a food processor. If you don't have a food processor, just use a bowl to combine everything. 3.Whether using a food processor or a mixing bowl, add the eggs and process until a thick batter develops. When tested with a spoon, the batter should nearly retain its form. If the batter is overly thick, a drop or two of milk should do the trick. If the mixture is too thin, which shouldn't happen, add a little more flour. Put oil in a pan and turn the heat up to medium-high. Drop heaping spoonful of batter into the pan. Make sure they're not touching. Since some of the batter will inevitably be left on the spoon, don't expect very large fritters. Fry one side until it is firm and brown, then flip it over and do the same. Although a non-stick pan eliminates the need for oil or butter, even a small amount of oil yields better results. The fritters will rise and retain their form while cooking, but they will deflate a little as soon as you remove them from the pan. Lightly pressing on the fritters should reveal whether or not they are done. When finished, they have a tendency to bounce back. No batter should be escaping from the sides, so if you're worried, press down even more. Sprinkle with heaps of crunchy cinnamon-flavored sugar and serve warm as a side dish or dessert. Notes Maintain consistent oil temperature while frying for even cooking.Use a spoon or ice cream scoop for uniform fritter sizes.Flip fritters gently to avoid splattering hot oil.Ensure the batter is well-mixed to incorporate all ingredients.Adjust sugar and spice levels to suit personal preferences.Test oil readiness by dropping a small piece of batter; it should sizzle and float.Serve fritters immediately for the best taste and texture. South African Oxtail Potjiekos Recipe The South African Oxtail Potjiekos recipe is a renowned and flavorful dish rooted in the country’s culinary heritage. This hearty and aromatic dish has a history dating back to the early days of Dutch settlers in South Africa, and it continues to be a beloved choice for gatherings and special occasions across the nation. Oxtail Potjiekos, often simply referred to as “Potjiekos,” embodies the essence of South African cuisine, showcasing a richblend of flavors and a cooking method that brings people together around a communal pot.The South African Oxtail Potjiekos recipe is a South African dish with Dutch origins. Oxtail, a flavorful and gelatinous meat, is slow-cooked in a traditional cast-iron potjie over an open flame. This dish’s charm lies in its rich flavors, blending spices like cloves and bay leaves with tomatoes and red wine, creating a mouthwatering sauce that clings to the tender oxtail. Equipment Cast-iron potjie pot (traditional) Large cooking pot (alternative) Cooking utensils (e.g., wooden spoon) Cutting board knife Plate or tray for meat preparation Stove or open flame for cooking Ingredients 2 whoe onions Cut into rings 4 tbsp cooking oil 1/8 Cup wheat Flour 1 tsp salt 1 tsp pepper 4 1/2 lbs beef Oxtail Cut into about 5 cm long pieces 1/2 cup vinegar White Wine 3/4 cup Sugar brown 5 carrots Cleaned and cut into large chunks 4 potatoes Cleaned and cut into quarters 1 pkt Oxtail soup powder Instructions Put some flour in a bag and season it with salt and pepper powder. To ensure that the oxtail is evenly coated with the seasoned flour, place the pieces in the bag and shake vigorously. 3.Cook the floured oxtail in oil that has been warmed in a skillet. To ensure even browning, turn the oxtail pieces while they cook. Throw all of this into a big saucepan and set it aside. Fry the sliced onions in the same pan until they are golden. Bring water to a boil in a saucepan, then add the oxtail. When the oxtail has softened, about 2 hours, add the fried onions and continue simmering. Put the sugar and vinegar into the pot. Add the soup powder and the sliced carrots and potatoes to the pan. Keep the vegetables in the oven for another 15 minutes. Notes Brown the oxtail meat for added flavor.Use a lid on your potjie pot for even cooking.Stir occasionally to prevent sticking.Add vegetables and herbs for depth of flavor.Adjust seasoning gradually to taste.Simmer over low heat for tender meat.Skim off excess fat during cooking. South African Melktert Recipe The South African Melktert recipe is a South African dessert that holds a special place in the country’s heritage. It’s a creamy and delightful treat that has been enjoyed for generations. In South African households, Melktert is often prepared for special occasions and family gatherings. It’s a sweet and comforting dessert that brings people together.This dessert has an interesting historical background. It is believed to have been influenced by Dutch and Indonesian culinary traditions, as these cultures have had a significant impact on South African cuisine. The name “Melktert” translates to “milk tart,” and this dish lives up to its name with its rich and creamy filling. Equipment Mixing bowls Whisk or mixing spoon 9-inch pie or tart pan Measuring cups and spoons Rolling pin (for pastry) Cooling rack Ingredients Sucre Patee (Pastry Crust) 1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour 1/3 cup sugar confectioner’s powdered ¼ teaspoon salt 9 Tablespoons butter unsalted 1 large egg yolk Milk filling 2 1/4 cups milk 2 tablespoon butter 2 tablespoons flour 3-4 tablespoons cornstarch 1/2 cup sugar 2 Large eggs 2 teaspoons vanilla extract ½ teaspoon almond extract optional ½ teaspoon cinnamon ½ teaspoon nutmeg or replace with cinnamon Instructions Crust Pastry Prepare a 9-inch pie pan with a detachable bottom by buttering or spraying it thoroughly. Put away for now. Put the flour, salt, and sugar into a food processor and pulse a few times to combine. Add the butter and pulse until a dough-like consistency is reached. The dough will barely come together after adding the egg yolk and pulsing. Take the dough out and lay it on the counter; knead it briefly to bring together all the pieces. Minimal dough handling is optimal. If the dough is overworked, it will become tough. The dough is done when it can be shaped into a ball with very little further moisture. Be extremely gently as you press the dough into the prepared pie pan, beginning in the middle and working your way outward and up the edges until the pan is completely lined with pastry. Put the pie pan in the freezer for at least 30 minutes; if time is short, use a brick and bake it with beans to keep the dough from rising. Put a rack in the middle of the oven and preheat it to 400 degrees Fahrenheit (205 degrees C). If you want a dry and golden crust, bake it for 20–25 minutes. Put apart Filling Milk Stir together the butter, nutmeg, and milk in a saucepan set over medium heat; bring to a boil, then turn off the heat. Whisk together the eggs, flour, cornstarch, sugar, vanilla extract, and almond extract in a separate basin. In a pot, stir gently to avoid lumps. Bring the pan back to the heat source, and whisk continually until bubbles form in the mixture. Preparation time is roughly 5-6 minutes. Take off the stove and ladle the filling into the prebaked pastry casing. Cinnamon powder, please. Put in the fridge and wait to serve. Notes When making the custard, constantly stir to prevent lumps.Allow the custard to cool slightly before pouring it into the pastry crust.Sprinkle cinnamon or nutmeg on top for added flavor.Serve the Melktert at room temperature for the best taste and texture.For a decorative touch, use a fine sieve to dust powdered sugar on the top. South African Cheese Scones Recipe “We are a couple who has visited and sampled food in every country in the world. We strive to get a local recipe for every dish we place on our blog. Some we have cooked in our kitchen but most we enjoyed in the restaurants and streets of the world. Our thoughts and opinions are based on the food we loved the most, and you may find them and others you will fall in love with as well. Please enjoy the recipe and comment below.” These South African Cheese Scones are characterized by their fluffy texture and rich, cheesy flavor. They embody a fusion of influences, including Dutch, British, and indigenous African culinary traditions. Key ingredients include cheddar cheese, buttermilk, and butter. These are combined to create a dough that is gently mixed to maintain its lightness. Once baked, the scones have a golden-brown exterior and a soft, cheesy interior. The South African Cheese Scones recipes are a great snack, often served warm with butter or chutney. They hold a special place in South African culture, enjoyed at tea time or as a side dish with stews and soups. Whether made at home or savored in local eateries, these scones are a testament to the nation’s diverse heritage. Equipment Mixing bowl Baking sheet Pastry cutter or fork Grater (for cheese) Measuring cups and spoons Whisk or wooden spoon Pastry brush (optional) Ingredients 1 cup flour 1 tsp baking powder 1 tsp salt 1/2 cup milk 2 tbsp mayonaise 1 cup cheese 1/2 cup chives Instructions Preheat oven to 400F. Spray a 12 cup muffin pan with cooking spray. Mix ingredients until blended. The batter should have a drop scone consistency. Spoon batter into muffin cups until 3/4 full. South African Cheeza Recipe The South African Cheeza Recipe, also known as South African Cheese and Corn Bread, is a delightful culinary creation with a rich history and some health benefits worth noting. This dish is a fusion of flavors and cultures, combining elements from both African and European culinary traditions.The combination of corn and cheese in this dish creates a satisfying and flavorful meal that’s not only delicious but also provides essential nutrients. However, it’s important to enjoy it in moderation, especially if you’re watching your calorie intake. Equipment a. Oven b. Baking dish c. Mixing bowls d. Whisk e. Measuring cups and spoons f. Grater or shredder g. Knife and cutting board h. Serving platter or dish Ingredients 12 slices Bacon 6 Spring Onions 6 slices Wheat Bread ⅜ cups Mayonnaise tngy 3 cups Cheddar Cheese Grated and roughly grated Instructions Crumble the bacon once it has been fried. Separate the green and white sections of the spring onion and chop them into small pieces. Warm up the bread in a toaster. Combine the mayonnaise, cheese, spring onions, and bacon in a bowl and stir to combine. Put the buttered toast on a baking sheet and top it with Cheeza. To get a bubbling, golden sauce, grill it for a while. Notes Use high-quality cheese for enhanced flavor.Grate the cheese fresh for better melting.Mix corn and cheese thoroughly for even distribution.Preheat the oven for consistent baking.Adjust seasoning to taste.Experiment with different cheese varieties.Customize with herbs or spices for a unique twist. BACK TO THE TOP OF THE PAGE

AIRPORTS & TRANSPORT IN SOUTH AFRICA Welcome to Johannesburg - OR Tambo International Airport Flight Information, Flight Routes, Airport Parking and Transport, Car Rental, Flights, Hotels, Facilities, Shopping, Dining, Premium Lounges, Airport Maps and more... About OR Tambo Airport Johannesburg OR Tambo International Airport is the busiest airport on the continent of Africa and is situated in the Kempton Park district of Johannesburg, 23 km north-west of the city centre and 46 km south of Pretoria city centre. Formerly, Jan Smuts Airport, it has been renamed in honour of the late and former ANC President, Oliver Reginald Tambo, who was more commonly referred to by the name of OR Tambo. Johannesburg OR Tambo International Airport is one of the few airports in the world with scheduled passenger direct flights between all 6 inhabited continents and also serves as a continental gateway to many sub-Saharan countries. Its formal aviation references are: IATA Airport Code - JNB and ICAO Airport Code - FAOR, and it is commonly abbreviated to by passengers by the acronym "ORTIA", the initialised version of OR Tambo International Airport. Airport Parking BOOK HERE Book parking in advance with our online booking facility. Includes parking layout plan, latest car parking tariffs and contacts. Book Flights Flight Search, price comparison and flight booking facility for all domestic and international flights from any airport or country. Airport Lounges NOW OPEN Premium lounges booking, locations, facilities and contact information for OR Tambo International Airport lounges. Hotel Search Hotel Search, price comparison and booking facility for all hotels in all countries with the biggest hotel search engine on the internet. Car Rental Car Rental search, price comparison and booking facility for car hire in all countries with the biggest car rental search engine. Airport Transfers NEW Airport Transfers booking. Taxis, shuttles, buses and the Airport Gautrain including contact information and links to timetables. Flight Arrivals Live flight arrivals for OR Tambo International Airport including flight delays, flight tracking and SMS flight status change updates. Flight Departures Live flight departures for OR Tambo International Airport including flight delays, flight tracking and SMS flight status change updates. Flight Routes Flight route maps, destinations information, airline contacts and flight schedules for all OR Tambo International Airport Flights. Shops & Services Full directory and location plans for all shops and services in the OR Tambo International Airport passenger terminals. Food & Drink Full directory and location plans for all food and drink outlets in the OR Tambo International Airport passenger terminals. Airport Hotels Featuring the 6 hotels within the OR Tambo International Airport precinct, including images, descriptions and hotel booking forms. Airport Weather Current weather conditions and 7 day, 3 hourly weather forecasts for OR Tambo International Airport, Cape Town Airport and King Shaka Airport. Airport Maps OR Tambo International Airport location and directions map and an airport precinct and car parking location layout map. Travel Insurance NEW Travel Insurance from ANY country to ANY country. Medical travel insurance and Trip insurance available. All ages and medical conditions. https://ortambo-airport.com/index.html Join Us in Supporting Responsible Tourism When you choose Visit South Africa, you’re helping us promote responsible tourism that uplifts local communities, preserves the environment, and creates a brighter future for all. Start planning your sustainable South African adventure today. An international airport is an airport with customs and border control facilities enabling passengers to travel between countries. Find below are the list of International Airports In South Africa O.R. Tambo International Airport Lanseria International Airport Pilanesberg International Airport ACSA – O.R. Tambo Int. King Shaka International Airport Bram Fischer International Airport Grand Central Airport Polokwane International Airport Wonderboom National Airport Cape Town International Airport Upington International Airport Port Elizabeth International Airport Klipriver Airfield O.R. Tambo International Airport Kruger Mpumalanga International Airport Rand Airport Mmabatho International Airport Cape Town International Airport George Airport Vereeniging Airport How many international airports are there in South Africa? There are 23 airports in South Africa. What is the main airport in South Africa? Tambo International Airport O.R. Tambo International Airport (ORTIA) is South Africa’s primary airport for international and domestic travel. Which country has the biggest airport in Africa? South Africa 2018 statistics How many International are in South Africa? Airports are never fun places, however, South Africa boasts three world-class international airports in the three biggest cities (Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban) which are up there with many other more first-world destinations. Which country is the nearest to South Africa? Land. South Africa is bordered by Namibia to the northwest, by Botswana and Zimbabwe to the north, and by Mozambique and Swaziland to the northeast and east. Lesotho, an independent country, is an enclave in the eastern part of the republic, entirely surrounded by South African territory. Transportation in South Africa: trains, buses, and taxis Looking to ditch your car but don’t feel like braving a minibus taxi? Public transportation in South Africa is improving all the time, with more bus and train options going into service with each passing year. Not every commute is easy to make by public transportation in South Africa, but it’s certainly possible in many urban areas. Whether you’re taking the train in Gauteng or the bus in Cape Town , there are plenty of options to get where you’re going safely and efficiently. Here’s a few key topics to start your trip, such as: Public transportation in South Africa Public transportation apps in South Africa Trains in South Africa Train tickets and costs in South Africa International trains in South Africa Buses in South Africa Taxis and ride-sharing services in South Africa Long-distance coaches in South Africa Airports in South Africa O.R. Tambo International Airport Cape Town International Airport King Shaka International Airport Kruger Mpumalanga International Airport How disability-accessible is public transportation in South Africa? How environmentally friendly is public transportation in South Africa? How safe is public transportation in South Africa? Safety tips when using public transportation in South Africa Making a public transportation complaint in South Africa Useful resources Public transportation in South Africa For many locals, driving in South Africa is the only realistic option for the daily commute. Although it’s touted as the safe option, it isn’t necessarily the safest choice for getting around. South Africa has long had one of the highest carjacking rates in the world , a trend that shows no signs of slowing down . What’s the alternative, then? South Africa’s Department of Transport oversees most transportation methods in the country, from trains to taxis. As a matter of fact, South Africa boasts Africa’s busiest railway network. Many cities are rolling out bus rapid transit routes to improve travel times and safety levels (and for those that don’t mind a reckless bus driver, minibus taxis are also everywhere). Metered taxis and ride-hailing apps are also popular options in urban areas, particularly after sunset. Public transportation apps in South Africa Unfortunately, official websites and apps for many of the public transportation options in South Africa are limited, outdated, or even nonexistent. In addition, some official apps are poorly built and have low ratings. There are a few of the alternative options for planning your next trip or daily commute, including the following: Living in Ekurhuleni, Johannesburg , or Pretoria? GauRider is a simple, Gauteng-focussed app for looking up departure times, planning itineraries, as well as tracking the credit on your Gautrain Card. The app works both for Gautrain’s commuter rail network as well as their bus routes. Moving Gauteng also provides route information, departure boards, and itinerary planners for a variety of public transportation services throughout Gauteng, including A Re Yeng, Gautrain, Harambee, Metrobus, Metrorail, Rea Vaya, and Tshwane Bus Services. Taking the bus in Cape Town? MyCiTi , Cape Town’s local bus company, has a mobile app for planning routes, calculating bus fares, and topping up the balance on your myconnect Card. The MyCiTi app is available for Android as well as iOS. Trains in South Africa South Africa is home to 20,964 kilometers of railway tracks that carry 530 million passengers per year, the largest and busiest network in Africa. Most rail passengers in South Africa travel on one of the five commuter rail networks. A Metrorail Western Cape train in Glencairn The Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA) owns and operates almost all passenger rail services in the country. PRASA itself has three divisions for rail services in South Africa: Metrorail : commuter rail services Shosholoza Meyl : intercity services connecting every province in South Africa Premier Classe: affordable luxury train running between Cape Town, Johannesburg, and Durban PRASA also owns and operates train stations in South Africa through its own property management arm, PRASA Cres . The four Metrorail networks are commuter rail, connecting suburban areas with urban centers. Metrorail’s networks are: Eastern Cape (iMpuma-Koloni in Xhosa): two separate lines. One connects Gqeberha (formerly Port Elizabeth) with Uitenhage and the other connects East London with Berlin. Gauteng (eGoli in Zulu): large network connecting cities throughout Gauteng, including Germiston, Johannesburg, Pretoria, Sebokeng, Soweto, and Springs. KwaZulu-Natal (iKwaZulu-Natali in Zulu): seven-line network connecting Cato Ridge, Durban, Kelso, kwaMashu, Pinetown, Stanger, and Umlazi. Western Cape (Wes-Kaap in Afrikaans): four lines centered on Cape Town. Destinations include Bellville, Malmesbury, Paarl, Simon’s Town, Stellenbosch, and Wellington. Gauteng is also home to one private commuter rail service. The Gautrain has three lines connecting Ekurhuleni, Johannesburg, and Pretoria, as well as Johannesburg’s O. R. Tambo International Airport. Long-distance intercity services are run by Shosholoza Meyl. In general, most routes radiate from Johannesburg. Major destinations for Shosholoza Meyl trains include Cape Town, Durban, East London, Komatipoort, Musina, and Gqeberha. South Africa is also home to one luxury route between Cape Town and Pretoria: The Blue Train . Train tickets and costs in South Africa Fares for train journeys are set by the operator. For commuter rail, fares are generally based upon the distance traveled. Expect the following ticket prices for normal second-class travel on Gautrain : Single (off-peak hours): R24–206 Single (peak hours): R30–206 Weekly: R278–814 Monthly: R1,122–2,880 Metrorail publishes their fares for all networks and lines on their website . However, they’re notorious for not publishing any service information online for years at a time. If you rely on Metrorail for your daily commute, consult a more reliable source of information such as Moving Gauteng or Cape Town Train Times . There are also first-class carriages available on Metrorail trains, referred to as MetroPlus. However, as with Metrorail, Shosholoza Meyl rarely updates their website, which is often not online. Try contacting Shosholoza Meyl directly through their website or, better yet, by calling their reservations office directly at 086000 8888. International trains in South Africa There are currently no scheduled international train services linking South Africa with any of its neighbors. Travel between South Africa and a neighboring country is only possible by road (either by car or bus) or by air. Freight rail links exist between South Africa and Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe (as well as Mozambique in the near future); however, there is no indication that these will expand for passenger rail services any time soon. Buses in South Africa There is no one singular entity providing bus service across South African cities ; each municipality generally has its own bus company or companies, depending on the size of the city. Many of South Africa’s bus companies are municipally-run, while others are private. Buses at Gandhi Square in Johannesburg Some of the companies offering public transportation by bus in South Africa include the following: Bloemfontein: Interstate Bus Lines Cape Town: Golden Arrow Bus Services , MyCiTi (bus rapid transit routes) Durban: Aqualine, Durban People Mover , Mynah. Bus companies in Durban use a unified fare card known as Muvo ; Muvo also provides information on bus fares and timetables . George Municipality (George Munisipaliteit): Go George Gqeberha: Algoa Bus Johannesburg: Metrobus, Rea Vaya (bus rapid transit routes) Polokwane: Leeto la Polokwane Pretoria: A Re Yeng , PUTCO , Tshwane Bus Services South African cities also have another kind of bus: the minibus taxi. The South African minibus taxi shares many features of the Russian marshrutka , in fact; the vehicles (generally a Toyota Quantum ) are often subpar, drivers often drive aggressively, and payment is cash only. Still, minibus taxis are, by far, the most used form of public transportation in South Africa. They’re not easy to flag down if you’ve never used one before, but there are some hand signals that can help. Minibus taxis are widespread in every South African city, including here in Pretoria What minibus taxis lack in roadworthiness they make up for with cost (many fares are under R20 ), route diversity (Cape Town alone has well over 600 routes ), frequency (you won’t wait for longer than a couple of minutes), and speed (drivers aren’t shy). Taxis and ride-sharing services in South Africa Taxicabs are reasonably available in South Africa, although it’s uncommon to simply flag one down on the street. Taxi stands are the easiest places to get a taxi in a South African city; these are generally found next to major transportation hubs, hotels, central business districts, and shopping malls. However, if you’re not near any of these kinds of places, your best bet is to call a taxicab company directly to reserve a ride. Reputable taxi companies generally use sedans with meters in them. Avoid getting in a non-metered taxi if at all possible; if it isn’t, make sure that you negotiate the price to your destination before you enter the vehicle. A taxi in Cape Town South Africa has a wide selection of ride-hailing apps available, allowing users to hail either a taxi or another professional driver. Some of the most widely used ride-hailing apps in South Africa include the following: Bolt: services available in dozens of South African cities . inDrive: available in multiple cities in South Africa . Orange Cabs: available in Gauteng . Taxi Live Africa: available across South Africa (Android app). Uber: multiple classes of service available all over the country . Yookoo Ride: available across South Africa . Long-distance coaches in South Africa Considering the limited number of train routes in South Africa, long-distance coaches remain one of the best options for crossing the country; they’re also the ideal choice if you’re travelling to a smaller municipality. Some of the more well-known long-distance bus companies in South Africa include the following: Citiliner Citybug City to City Greyhound Intercape Mainliner TransLux Some of these companies also offer direct routes to cities in Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Namibia. Make sure you have your passport and other travel documents with you for these journeys. Airports in South Africa South Africa is a large country with fairly lengthy intercity travel times by road or rail. For example, traveling from Cape Town to Johannesburg takes 18 hours by bus, 30 hours by train, or just two hours by air. As a result, domestic air travel remains a reliable transportation option for getting around South Africa. The country’s flag carrier is South African Airways ; other major airlines include Airlink , FlySafair , and kulula.com . O. R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg is the only airport in Africa with flights to all six continents O.R. Tambo International Airport O.R. Tambo International Airport is located in Kempton Park, about 21 kilometers from Johannesburg. The airport’s name honors Oliver Reginald Kaizana Tambo, a South African anti-apartheid politician. As South Africa’s largest airport (and Africa’s second largest after Cairo in Egypt ), it handles more than 50% of the country’s air passengers. In fact, about 21 million travelers pass through the airport each year. O.R. Tambo International is a hub for several South African airlines, with direct flights to destinations on every inhabited continent. Facilities at the airport include duty-free shopping, banks, currency exchanges, pharmacies, food, and drink. There are several ways to get to O.R. Tambo International – you can drive and book parking in advance or take a taxi. Otherwise, the Gautrain offers a service between Sandton and the airport. Cape Town International Airport The next busiest South African airport is Cape Town International , which sees about 10 million passengers per year. As it’s still a lot quicker to fly to Johannesburg from Cape Town than to travel by public transport, this route is one of the world’s busiest . Other destinations include cities in the rest of Africa, Asia, and Europe. The airport itself has plenty of facilities, such as restaurants, shops, and business lounges. The easiest way to get there is by car, taxi, or shuttle. Currently, the only public transit option is the A01 Line on the MyCiti bus. You’ll need a Myconnect card , which costs R35. King Shaka International Airport King Shaka International Airport serves Durban. The airport is located about 35km away from Durban, in La Mercy and opened relatively recently – in time for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Most of its destinations are elsewhere in Southern Africa and the Middle East. While there are no public transport options to reach the airport, there are several shuttle buses , taxi services, and car rentals available. The airport also has a handy parking calculator tool to work out your costs. Kruger Mpumalanga International Airport Kruger Mpumalanga International Airport is 27km northeast of Mbombela, linking the Kruger National Park to global destinations. It offers flights to South African cities, some neighboring countries, Zambia, and Frankfurt (Germany). According to its website, the terminal building is the largest thatch constructed airport in the world. To reach the airport, you’ll need to drive, rent a car, or book a shuttle. Other airports in South Africa include: Bram Fischer International Airport (Bloemfontein) King Phalo Airport (East London) Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport (Gqeberha) Wonderboom Airport (Pretoria) How disability-accessible is public transportation in South Africa? Considering the uneven development of transit-related infrastructure in South Africa , the availability of disability-accessible public transportation varies across the country. Highly-regulated and well-funded systems such as George’s Go George bus network or the Gautrain in Gauteng are fully accessible to those traveling in a wheelchair; Cape Town’s municipal government also has a 24-hour call center for service information. On the other hand, it’s highly unlikely that a minibus taxi will accommodate passengers with disabilities. A number of public bus companies in South Africa offer disability-accessible transport, sometimes bolstered by government funding. These include the following: Cape Town: MyCiTi’s Dial-a-Ride Durban: Dial-a-Ride Johannesburg: Metrobus , Rea Vaya Pretoria: A Re Yeng , Tshwane Bus Services Trains and train stations in South Africa are generally accessible to those with limited mobility, although this is not uniformly the case. Gautrain is a leader in transport accessibility in South Africa: all train stations are fully accessible and at least half of their bus fleet is, too. Many private companies offer accessible transportation as alternatives to the regular public offerings. These include the following: Charly’s Care Pro Mobility QuadPara Association of South Africa (QASA) Travel with Renè Some taxi companies and ride-hailing apps also provide accessible services such as uberASSIST (available in Cape Town and Johannesburg). How environmentally friendly is public transportation in South Africa? Some municipalities in South Africa have started rolling out low-emission or emission-free buses, including Cape Town , Limpopo , and Tshwane . However, obstacles remain when it comes to implementing a more environmentally-friendly transportation network; South African cities are plagued by poor urban planning and street design , with an insufficient amount of charging stations Even still, public transportation is widely used in South Africa. Johannesburg’s modal share of private car use is 33%, comparable to other cities more well-known for their sustainable initiatives such as Berlin (30% ) and Singapore (29% ). How safe is public transportation in South Africa? Safety levels on public transportation in South Africa tend to vary depending on how you’re traveling and who you’re asking for advice. Despite apocalyptic claims that a South African train journey is akin to begging to be robbed at gunpoint, millions of people experience a completely uneventful commute by train every single day. Although many minibus taxis (such as this one in Johannesburg) are perfectly roadworthy, many are not Of course, this is not to say that train travel in South Africa is perfectly safe; it’s not. Research suggests that even if train stations or bus stops are designed with public safety in mind, surrounding sidewalks or pathways in South African cities often lack proper lighting or paving and make female commuters feel less safe as a result. Robberies and infrastructure theft also remain problematic , especially on South Africa’s Metrorail networks. Moving The five safest cities in South Africa Read more Minibus taxis have safety concerns of their own. While robberies are less likely, pickpocketing is not uncommon. Government regulation of minibus taxis remains limited ; as a result, there is little control over poor driving as well as vehicle maintenance, so accidents are commonplace. If you’re in a minibus taxi driving erratically, ask to get out of the bus and take the next one. Safety tips when using public transportation in South Africa There are measures you can take to at least mitigate some of the risks when you’re traveling by train or minibus taxi in South Africa, such as: Keep valuables and large amounts of cash out of sight or at home. Don’t give a potential thief a reason to approach you if you can avoid it. Avoid sitting in a train carriage that is empty or nearly empty. Robberies and assaults are less likely to occur with a carriage full of passengers. Consider including a ride with a taxicab or ride-sharing app as part of your journey, such as between the train station and your final destination. Try to travel with someone else or in a group. If this isn’t possible, let someone know when you’re planning to depart and arrive. If you’re meeting someone, try to get them to meet you at your bus stop or train station. Bring along a local you know and trust if you’re trying out a public transportation route for the first time. A local perspective can ensure that you know exactly where you’re going the next time as well as suggest any concerns or risks they see. Making a public transportation complaint in South Africa Contacting a public transportation provider with a concern or complaint is, to put it mildly, difficult. Many of the government-owned public transportation services in South Africa have outdated websites that are often offline. However, you can try Gautrain’s contact form or call 0800 428 87246 in case of a complaint. For bus-related complaints, contact the bus company or municipality directly for further assistance. Useful resources A Re Yeng – bus company in Pretoria Algoa Bus – bus company in Gqeberha Department of Transport – the government department that oversees public transportation in South Africa Durban People Mover – bus company in Durban GauRider – Gautrain and bus schedule app for Gauteng Gautrain – privately-run commuter rail network in Gauteng Go George – bus company in George Golden Arrow Bus Services – bus company in Cape Town Leeto la Polokwane – bus company in Polokwane Metrobus – bus company in Johannesburg Metrorail – multiple commuter rail networks in South Africa Moving Gauteng – comprehensive information for public transportation throughout Gauteng Muvo – unified public transportation fare card in Durban MyCiTi – bus rapid transit in Cape Town PUTCO – bus company in Pretoria Rea Vaya – bus rapid transit in Johannesburg Shosholoza Meyl – intercity trains in South Africa Tshwane Bus Services – bus company in Tshwane, including Pretoria BACK TO THE TOP OF THE PAGE

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SAFARI PARKS Luxury African Safaris & Tours Are you dreaming of a luxury African safari? Picture the scene. The sun is sinking slowly into savannah grasses and the sky is tinged with pink and red streaks. You’re sitting atop a granite rock boulder that’s warm to the touch. A man hands you a gin and tonic and points towards a small group of trees. As if on cue, a pair of lionesses stroll out of hiding. It’s the ultimate African safari fantasy and one that every African safari-goer dreams of living. But just how do you go about organizing an upmarket luxury safari tour? Well, it’s easier than you might think. Kruger Safari Tours Kruger Safari Tours -Packages South Africa’s premier safari destination, Kruger National Park throws up some staggering statistics. Established in 1898, it extends over some 19,000km²/7,335mi² and supports a total of 147 mammal species (the most of any African national park). This includes an estimated 13,000 elephants, 40,000 buffalo, 2,000 lions and more rhinos than any other protected area. Kruger is an ideal safari destination at both ends of the price and experiential spectrum. No other major African park is so well geared to budget-conscious self-drivers. Equally, some of the all-inclusive private and concession lodges associated with Kruger and its immediate surroundings (including MalaMala, Sabi Sabi and Londolozi) rank among the most exclusive, prestigious and costly in Africa. Pilanesberg Safari Tours & Holidays Nestled in an ancient volcanic crater up to three hours’ drive from Johannesburg, Pilanesberg Game Reserve is a top-notch 572km²/221mi² park set in the wilds of North West Province. It is home to all the Big Five (lion, leopard, buffalo, elephant and rhino) and makes for a great all-round safari destination. As the closest major park to Johannesburg, it is particularly suited to business travelers wanting a short bush break. Pilanesberg lies in a malaria-free area, so families with young children often find it preferable to the better-known Kruger National Park. Pilanesberg is also often visited in combination with Sun City, a glitzy but family-friendly resort complete with luxury hotels, casinos, golf courses and a water park that stands right outside the park boundary. Mt Kilimanjaro Climbing, Trekking and Hiking Tours For many visitors to Africa, climbing Mt Kilimanjaro is a once-in-a-lifetime challenge. The climb takes in muddy rainforests, unique high-altitude plants and alpine meadows before finally arriving at the glacier-coated summit. Standing tall above the savannahs of East Africa, Mt Kilimanjaro (5,895m/19,340ft) is an icon of Africa. But just how do you go about climbing Tanzania’s Mt Kilimanjaro and how fit do you have to be? We answer some of these common questions below. Masai Mara Safari - Tours If Africa had a Top Five for safari parks, the Masai Mara safari would easily make the final cut. It’s a classic safari destination and one of the best places to see lions, leopards and cheetahs, as well as being home to iconic savannah country that long ago came to define the East African safari. It also has the Big Five (lion, leopard, elephant, buffalo and rhino), a good mix of public areas and private conservancies, and extraordinarily rich accommodations offerings. Okavango Delta Safari Tours & Holidays The Okavango Delta is an African classic, a vast network of waterways that changes with the seasons, but always hosts memorable wildlife populations. The diversity here is endless, with islands that exist one year but are gone the next. This world in motion should be drama enough for most visitors, but it is here that Botswana’s wildlife reputation was born and so many wildlife documentaries were filmed. To put it another way, the Delta is one of the best places on the planet to see wildlife. Ngorongoro Crater Safari Tours & Holidays A Ngorongoro Crater tour is usually combined with a safari in neighboring Serengeti National Park. The Ngorongoro Conservation Area protects the volcanically formed Crater Highlands, which are dotted with deep volcanic craters. The best known, Ngorongoro is the world’s largest intact caldera and a natural wildlife reserve with few peers. Ngorongoro safari tours offer your best chance in Tanzania of spotting all the Big Five (lion, leopard, elephant, buffalo and black rhino) in one game drive. The crater is also notable for the spectacularly scenic combination of the verdant plains of the lake-studded crater floor and imposing 600m-/1,968ft-high cliffs that enclose it on all sides. Amboseli Safari Tours & Holidays Amboseli National Park is one of East Africa’s most rewarding safari destinations, and a real classic of the Kenya safari circuit. Compact enough to get around easily, filled with wildlife, replete with good accommodation in and around the park, and with the best Kilimanjaro views to be had anywhere on the continent, Amboseli should be on the list of every safari visitor to Kenya. It’s also close to Nairobi, making it easy to visit in a short time frame, and combine it with other parks as well. South Africa Safari - Compare 964 Tours South Africa is one of the world’s most varied holiday destinations. From the classic safari country of Kruger National Park to the stately ‘mother city’ of Cape Town; from the snow-sprinkled heights of the Drakensberg to the parched red dunescapes of the Kalahari; from the gorgeous Winelands around Stellenbosch to the idyllic beaches of the Garden Route – South Africa is a true all-rounder that attracts more than its fair share of repeat visitors. It is also the most affordable and well equipped of African safari destinations, particularly well suited to family holidays, to those seeking a malaria-free holiday, to dedicated foodies and wine-lovers, and for combining a foray into Big Five country with a beach holiday and/or city break. Namibia Safari Tours & Holidays A safari in Namibia is as much about the wildlife as the country’s scenic beauty. It is home to Etosha National Park, one of Africa’s most iconic wildlife reserves, but there’s so much more to discover. The national parks of the Zambezi Region (formerly Caprivi Strip) are finally getting the attention they deserve, while the dune-scapes of the Skeleton Coast and its hinterland are simply extraordinary. These are just the starting points for exploring a country rich in experiences and safari opportunities. Mozambique Tours & Safari Packages Mozambique’s main draw are the countless paradisiacal palm-fringed beaches that line its 2,600km/1,616mi Indian Ocean coastline and innumerable offshore islands. Serviced by some first-class luxury resorts, it is the perfect country for a relaxing beach holiday, as well as for more active marine pursuits such as snorkeling, diving and coastal safaris. Inland, Mozambique’s national parks and reserves were once major attractions, but a prolonged civil war that ended in 1992 left them poached out and depleted of wildlife. Despite this, recent rehabilitation efforts mean that some of these little-visited parks are now slowly emerging as worthwhile goals for adventurers seeking an off-the-beaten-track safari experience. Gorilla Trekking Tours There are many amazing wildlife encounters – but few can match coming eye to eye with a mountain gorilla. A big part of what makes the gorilla trek so special is that these big apes are so closely related to humans (the difference in DNA is only about 1.6%). They do seem to touch a nerve when they look at us with interest. The gorillas’ natural habitat is restricted to a relatively small area in a historically turbulent region. But most of this region has stabilized in recent decades, which makes gorilla tours increasingly accessible. Habitat loss is now the main obstacle to the survival of gorillas, but money spent on gorilla tourism goes a long way in securing their survival. Chimp Trekking Tours A chimpanzee trekking safari offers a special opportunity to see our closest relatives at close range. Although it doesn’t get the same attention as gorilla trekking, the experience can be quite similar. The intelligence and social structure of chimps make them fascinating subjects for observation, and no two visits are the same. Chimpanzees live in communities ranging from 20 to 150 individuals. Like humans, they tend to have strong personalities. Their expressive faces make their identities easily recognized by us, even during a short visit. Lucky visitors will be able to hear their pant-hooting. This communal, loud calling session can be triggered by anything that excites them – including you. African Fly-in Safaris Imagine an African fly-in safari, flying in a small bush plane over the Serengeti or Kruger National Park, or wilder places like the Luangwa Valley. Way below you’ll spot wildlife such as elephant, hippo and giraffe. All the while you’ll watch the patterns of clouds on expansive savannah plains, and follow the twisting, turning course of great rivers like the Zambezi. Fly-in safaris can really enhance your holiday. They offer a convenient, comfortable means of travel to different destinations, either within one country or between different countries. Most safari destinations have a well-run network of routes that can land right in the heart of the bush. Some lodges even have their own private airstrip. African Canoe Safaris Africa offers some epic canoe safaris. The Okavango Delta, the Zambezi River and Malawi’s Shire River are great all-round African safari destinations, but they show their liveliest and most surprising sides to paddlers. African kayak safaris offer opportunities to get up close to elephant, hippo, crocodile and more. This is true whether you take it easy in a mokoro (dugout canoe) and glide into the sunset, or embark on a multiday canoe adventure. Best of all, canoes offer a way into the animals’ watery habitat. Cruising quietly along in a wooden or fiberglass craft means you won’t disturb the animals, from birds on branches to thirsty antelope at the riverbank. African Self-Drive Safaris & Tours An African self-drive safari might be just the thing for you if you’re a bit of an adventurer. There’s nothing quite like exploring Africa at your own pace and in your own time. While most safari packages adhere to a predetermined itinerary, a self-drive safari is where you get to take control. Yes, you’ll need to have your campsites and other accommodations booked well in advance, putting some limits on your freedom. But it will be up to you which route you take, how long you stay to watch those lions on a kill, and how long you stop for lunch. That freedom comes with a sense of responsibility – if something happens, you’re the one who’ll need to deal with it. But help is never more than a satellite phone call away and it’s a small price to pay for the sort of safari holiday that you’ll never forget. African Birdwatching Tours Africa offers some of the best birding safaris in the world. Birds are an integral part of the African landscape. Even on an ordinary safari, you can expect to see colorful bee-eaters and rollers, proud eagles and ostriches. Because it’s dominated by open savannah rather than dense rainforest, Africa tops the list for seeing a large number of species in the course of an ordinary holiday. Many leading African safari destinations boast a checklist of more than 500 bird species. These include Serengeti National Park (Tanzania), Kruger National Park (South Africa) and Queen Elizabeth National Park (Uganda). If you’ve been bitten by the birding bug, a specialist guided safari will maximize your sighting opportunities. African Walking Safaris Walking the wide, open African savannah in the company of an expert guide is the ultimate African safari experience. The guide can point out medicinal plants and tiny creatures and tell you stories of life in the bush. A long walking safari will give you a greater understanding of the ecosystem and its animals and plants than any jeep safari ever could. When you do see animals, it comes with the thrill of knowing that nothing stands between them and you. Altogether, a long walk through the African wilderness might be one of the greatest and most rewarding adventures you embark on. African Group Safaris & Tours Signing up to an African safari group tour is one of the most popular ways to go on safari. Having an expert plan the nitty-gritty of your safari package for you saves time and hassle. It means all you have to do is read up on African wildlife and hop on a plane. A small group tour can be a great way to see Africa. Special-interest group trips, such as bird watching, conservation or big cats, are recommended. A special-interest trip will put you in a group with like-minded people, and the guide will be an expert. Before jumping into a group safari though, there are a few things to consider. African Honeymoon Safaris Romance and indulgence go hand in hand with an African honeymoon safari. It’s the one holiday where you should pull out all the stops. Spoil yourselves and splash out on a once-in-a-lifetime trip. Africa is perhaps the most romantic continent on earth. It has everything from endless starlit skies and dramatic landscapes of shifting deserts to mighty rivers, open plains and the Great Rift Valley. Then there’s the spectacular wildlife, the stuff you’d only normally see on National Geographic or BBC Earth, right there in front of you. Add to that the beautiful beaches on Indian Ocean islands and friendly people, and the scene for your honeymoon is all set. African Photographic Safaris If you’re a photography enthusiast, you might want to consider booking an African photographic safari. Photography is a hobby shared by many. However, taking great wildlife photos requires dedication. By joining a photographic tour you will avoid ending up with a group of people taking selfies at every sighting. Instead, you'll be with people sharing your passion and dedication. Even if you’re accomplished as a photographer in another field, there’s still much you can learn from an experienced wildlife photographer and the skills of anticipating animal behavior. Wildlife photography on safari is unique in its need for patience and bush etiquette. You should never cross the line where your photography interferes with an animal’s existence. BACK TO THE TOP OF THE PAGE

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RESTAURANTS IN SOUTH AFRICA The 20 most popular restaurants in South Africa Could these be the country’s most popular restaurants? Here are the spots that pulled in the most traffic on our site in 2019. Wolfgat (Paternoster) That the World Restaurant of the Year can start a tasting menu with a skillet of bokkom butter and a hessian bag of breadsticks is a testament to the assured ease of Kobus van der Merwe, who’s just doing his own thing here – and you will love him for it. The focus is on simplicity, purity and locality with dishes like creamed white mussels served in its own shell with buttermilk rusk crumbs or black mussel custard with coconut. Saint Restaurant (Sandton, Johannesburg) It wouldn’t be a most-popular list without perennial cool-kid Saint. David Higgs’s Italian restaurant is ever-popular, with its offering of creamy burrata, fluffy gnocchi and meaty mains. If you find yourself at Saint, though, you’re probably there for the perfect pizza, with simple options like the Neapolitan and margherita that will have you coming back for more. Deck at Sandton Sun Hotel (Sandton, Johannesburg) A rooftop bar in Sandton – need we say more? Go for breakfast, lunch and dinner (all with cocktails, of course) or enjoy Thursday to Saturday nights with a live DJ spinning you into the weekend. Mustang Sally’s Pub & Diner (Hatfield, Pretoria) If you want an American diner experience, this is the place to get it. Mustang Sally’s offers giant burgers, mac-and-cheese balls, Southern fried chicken, and freakshakes topped with everything from entire doughnuts to mounds of candy floss. Chefs Warehouse at Beau Constantia (Constantia, Cape Town) Ivor Jones’s punchy flavours and inspired tapas-for-two menu keep guests coming back to this wine farm gem. https://www.instagram.com/p/B6sKJ4LJXby/ Momo Kuro (Rosebank, Johannesburg) The newest Momo boasts bold flavours and delicious tapas options in a gorgeous open restaurant space. Be sure to try the Formoso calamari with mint, basil and ginger; the Siu Mai open dumplings; the crispy salmon ceviche tacos; the Szechuan prawn wontons; the pulled beef brisket; and the Peking duck. Momo Soko (Illovo, Sandton) The little sister of Momo Baohaus, Momo Soko serves up sublimely delicious Asian street cuisine with a modern twist. Be sure to try the soko – tender marinated skewers of protein and vegetables grilled to perfection and seasoned in various ways – and the fluffy bao. https://www.instagram.com/p/BYalPXuFPTT/ Thali (Gardens, Cape Town) This must-visit Gardens restaurant comes from chef Liam Tomlin of Chefs Warehouse. It’s an oldie but a goody, offering a spectacular feast of modern Indian cuisine and décor to match. The Athletic Club & Social (City Bowl, Cape Town) Athos Euripidou, who hails from Durban and was behind Station Drive’s Fortune Coffee, is the brains behind this hot new speakeasy-style bar. This perfect spot for after-work drinks or a cosy date night serves up Greek and Mediterranean cuisine like charred aubergine, home-made labneh and roasted lamb shoulder with tzatziki. One of the cosy areas in The Athletic Club & Social. Photo supplied. The Wing Republic (Braamfontein, Johannesburg) This popular spot pulls in the crowds for its saucy chicken wings, ribs and burgers. If you’re one of those who used to travel all the way out to Braamfontein to get your fix, you’ll be happy to know that another branch will be opening in Pretoria in August. https://www.instagram.com/p/Bz2y8EWDs9d/ The Royale (Craighall, Johannesburg) This Cuban-inspired bar and eatery has a food offering that’s fuss-free, inexpensive and unpretentious. Pair with one of the rum-based cocktails and your Friday night is set. https://www.instagram.com/p/Bu3sJMjBWFC/ Views at Twenty5 (Morningside, Durban) Shisa nyama and craft cocktails are the name of the game at this Durban restaurant that serves as the ultimate weekend spot, opening only from 5pm on a Friday. Billy G at Suncoast Casino (Marine Parade, Durban) This buffet restaurant is a winner when it comes to feeding big families. Enjoy everything from carvery and casseroles to seafood and salads galore. Time Square – Food and Wine Bar (Florida Road, Durban) This food-and-wine bar’s offering includes an extensive cocktail, beer and wine selection; easy-eating grub like pizzas, pastas, burgers and small bites; and large indoor and outdoor seating areas with televisions to catch any live sporting action. The Commissary (City Bowl, Cape Town) The small menu here packs a big punch, with all the dishes designed to be shared, drawing inspiration from global street food. Whether you start out with fresh oysters with a piquant Vietnamese nam jim dressing, tuna tataki with a velvety, citric peach and peanut sauce or the Korean fried chicken wings, you won’t be sorry. https://www.instagram.com/p/B8MPw5sJCTd/ The Restaurant at Waterkloof (Somerset West) SA’s number three restaurant is no stranger to this list. Even those who’ve already been lucky enough to dine here are planning their next sojourn. Magnificent food on inspired plating (as well as a not-to-be-missed wine pairing) makes this one for the books. Saigon Suzy Asian BBQ & Rock ‘n Roll Bar (Parkwood, Johannesburg) This rock ‘n roll bar features cocktails and street food inspired by countries like Thailand, Vietnam, China, Korea and Japan. Try the pho or one of the broken rice BBQ bowls. https://www.instagram.com/p/BzvZr-PHB-f/ The Test Kitchen (Woodstock, Cape Town) The number two restaurant in the country from Luke Dale Roberts continues to draw repeat visitors locally and globally. The Burner (Bellville, Cape Town) This curry pot in Cape Town’s northern suburbs is known for its generous portions and fantastic bunny chows. Pop in for a lamb, chicken, bean or mince kebab bunny, plus dessert of soji or sago. FYN Restaurant Go for an interplay of Japanese and South African flavours, with the deft touch of skilled, experienced chefs. A kaiseki tray might feature a Wagyu-beef spring roll with onion petals and truffly accents, or tender sea trout with crunchy counterpoints of apple, dune spinach and tempura samphire. The famous chokka ‘tsukemen ramen’ lives up to the hype, and the pre-dessert ‘cheese sandwich’ is a masterstroke. Dessert comes in a set of three; a hot-and-cold parade of berries, blossoms, cake and crumbles. https://www.tripadvisor.de/Restaurants-g293740-South_Africa.html South Africa’s streets, shores and vineyards are lined with so many incredible restaurants, it’s a hard task narrowing them down into a short bucket list. If you can’t visit them all, this guide is the next best thing, guiding you to the ones not to be missed. 9th Avenue Bistro (Morningside, Durban) A stalwart of the Durban restaurant scene, this bistro is run by a passionate husband-and-wife team, Graham and Gina Neilson. Seasonal and local ingredients are used to create sensational food. The tasting menu is always a winner; the prawn risotto deservedly inspires fandom. Coobs (Parkhurst, Johannesburg) Ethical eating is what chef James Diack is famous for at his beautiful urban bistro. Most of the produce - including the pork - comes from his family farm, so you know that what you’re getting is fresh and wholesome. Highlights on the changing, seasonal menu could include slow-braised pork shoulder or pork confit served with showstopping sides like truffled potato bake. Homemade pastas with innovative sauces also please the discerning crowds. DW-Eleven 13 (Dunkeld, Johannesburg) You might know chef Marthinus Ferreira’s face from his stint on TV as an ultimate braaimaster, but his domain here is beautiful and accessible fine dining in the form of seasonal tasting plates. If you’re a wine fanatic, the sommelier will look after you with choices from far and wide, but the non-alcoholic pairing option is a generous touch for those who don’t dabble. Gemelli (Bryanston, Johannesburg) One of the most popular neighbourhood gems of Joburg. Trendy venue, consistently superb food and bustling vibe: Gemelli has it all in spades. Inspired by Italian cuisine, the menu makes use of the best ingredients to please patrons with an array of delicious dishes like the house calamari, sharing plates, risottos, pastas and mains like tender pork belly. The Test Kitchen (Woodstock, Cape Town) Number one for the sixth consecutive year, this innovative hot-house is serving food that’s better than ever before. While dining at the country’s best restaurant might sound intimidating, it feels like the easiest thing in the world, and the location in gritty Woodstock helps to tone down the formality. From the warm welcome into the “dark” room through to the finale in the “light” room, the team, led by chefs Luke Dale-Roberts and Ryan Cole, will take you on a culinary journey around the world and right back down to earth in South Africa. Restaurant Mosaic , The Orient (Elandsfontein, Pretoria) Creative storytelling meets perfect technique at Chantel Dartnall’s enchanting restaurant at this destination hotel in Gauteng. In a special treat for the senses, her exquisite plating of seasonal South African ingredients showcases a deep love of nature and all its bounty. Award-winning sommelier Moses Magwaza is also one to watch. Republik (Durban North) Being named best burger eatery is not an accolade to be taken lightly, and Republik really delivers. Local, ethically sourced, 100% grass-fed meat forms the base of the burger heaven here. If you don’t go for the succulent beef patties, there are lamb, ostrich, chicken and veg options too, not to mention crazy condiments like bacon jam and chilli chocolate. Marble (Rosebank, Johannesburg) Visit Johannesburg and there’s one deck you have to check out. Chef David Higgs creates a journey themed around the grill with its wood-fired heat and smoky sear. Complex flavours range from Thai to Argentinian to South Asian to Japanese – all balanced by local touches. It’s a lavish spot that attracts the city’s hottest people. Don’t miss the hit list of wines and the fully-stocked bar of spirits. Greenhouse , The Cellars-Hohenort (Constantia, Cape Town) Chefs Peter Tempelhoff and Ashley Moss create art on the plate in this luxurious hotel setting. A great spot for visitors to South Africa, this luxurious space looks to the oceans, farms and orchards of our county for inspiration. Sometimes theatrical, sometimes deconstructed, always delicious, the dishes surprise and impress. Look forward to the likes of ostrich egg with Karoo truffles and celeriac. La Colombe (Constantia, Cape Town) A real fan favourite, this celebrated spot looking down onto the Constantia winelands has enjoyed global recognition for many years - and deservedly so. The comfortable and elegant space delivers touches of theatre in the multi-sensory journey by executive chef James Gaag and chef patron Scot Kirton. While the dishes might appear in nests or puffs of smoke, their delicious flavours and textures remain the real highlight. Restaurants in South Africa Your Friendly Restaurant Guide To Dunk Or Not To Dunk - A Rusk By Any Other Name ... Evita Se Perron Darling, Western Cape 14 April 2025 - Rusks, or beskuit in Afrikaans, that popular South African snack, often enjoyed with tea or coffee has a history tied to both necessity and tradition and has become de... Durban Set To Ignite As Chilli Champion Eats Over 50 Carolina Reapers 17 April 2025 - Almost 50 dangerously hot Carolina Reaper chillis were consumed by a champion competitor in Cape Town two weeks ago, setting a sizzling standard for Titanium Media Sou... The Africa Food Show: Shaping The Future Of Food & Beverage With Africa’s Local And Global Brands At The Forefront 17 April 2025 - Welcoming more than 350 exhibitors and 6000 visitors from over 25 countries, the inaugural Africa Food Show is poised to become Africa’s premier event for the Fo... Fairlawns Welcomes New Pastry Chef, Jerry Magae Amuse-Bouche Food & Wine Sandton Central, Gauteng 15 April 2025 - We are excited to introduce Jerry Magae as Fairlawns' new Pastry Chef! With over a decade of experience, Jerry’s culinary journey began in family kitchens, s... Celebrate Mother's Day In Style At The President Hotel The President Hotel Bantry Bay, Western Cape 15 April 2025 - The President Hotel in Bantry Bay will be hosting a full weekend of Mother's Day celebrations with three distinctive experiences perfect for treating the important... Col'Cacchio GO: Redefining Italian-Inspired Dining For A New Era Of Convenience 15 April 2025 - As South Africa’s fast-food industry faces mounting pressures from inflation, shifting consumer habits, and an increasingly competitive landscape, Col’Cacc... Bp Southern Africa And Pedros Partner For Drive-through Forecourt Convenience 15 April 2025 - bp customers can now buy Pedros grilled chicken at bp Jean Avenue in Centurion without leaving their vehicles. This drive-through launch is the first in a strategic pa... To Dunk Or Not To Dunk - A Rusk By Any Other Name ... Evita Se Perron Darling, Western Cape 14 April 2025 - Rusks, or beskuit in Afrikaans, that popular South African snack, often enjoyed with tea or coffee has a history tied to both necessity and tradition and has become de... Durban Set To Ignite As Chilli Champion Eats Over 50 Carolina Reapers 17 April 2025 - Almost 50 dangerously hot Carolina Reaper chillis were consumed by a champion competitor in Cape Town two weeks ago, setting a sizzling standard for Titanium Media Sou... Prev Next Restaurants Recently Updated Bike Forge Tulbagh, Western Cape Braai, Breakfast, Burgers, Light Meals, Pizza, Pub Meals, Vegan, Vegetarian Welcome to Bike Forge! When the flag is up, we’re open! Bike Forge is a biker-friendly venue where like-minded people can get together and talk shop over a cold one and a bite to ea... Erinvale Estate Hotel & Spa Somerset West, Western Cape Breakfast, Burgers, Fine Dining, Grills, Health, Light Meals, Seafood, Vegan, Vegetarian Embraced by history, surrounded by the majestic Hottentots Holland Mountains and neighbouring the magnificent Erinvale Golf Course and world-class wine estates; only 30 minutes from Cape Town Inter... The President Hotel Bantry Bay, Western Cape Breakfast, Buffet, Burgers, Cocktails, Coffee Shop, Deli, Grills, Health, International, Light Meals, Pizza, Vegan, Vegetarian The President Hotel has a host of dining options available. Whether you’re in the mood for a romantic dinner, casual coffee, quick lunch or hearty breakfast, our restaurants and café c... Babel Restaurant Paarl, Western Cape African, Contemporary, Country, South African, Vegetarian Babel Restaurant Housed in the old cowshed, Babel Restaurant is a wonderful mix of Cape Dutch architecture and contemporary glass walls that makes for a simple yet edgy environment in ... Quay Four: Tavern & Upstairs Victoria & Alfred Waterfront, Western Cape African, Breakfast, French, Light Meals, Pub Meals, Seafood, South African, Steakhouse, Sushi, Traditional, Vegetarian Quay Four, need we say more? This popular restaurant was one of the first to set up on the V&A Waterfront in Cape Town. Now one of Cape Town’s favourite restaurants, it is situated on a p... Cellar Collective Wine Bar Cape Town Central, Western Cape Asian, Fusion, Pizza, Tapas, Vegetarian We don’t believe in mundane wine … At Cellar Collective we pour more than just wine – we pour moments worth remembering. Driven by a profound passion for exceptional wine... StarDust - Theatrical Dining Cape Town Central, Western Cape African, Argentinian, Braai, Cocktails, Coffee Shop, Fusion, Greek, Grills, Mediterranean, Moroccan, Pub Meals, Seafood, South African, Tapas, Vegan, Vegetarian, Wine bar This is no ordinary restaurant. This is the home of the singing waiter! Tonight, not only will you enjoy the wholesome, sumptuous taste of our designer tagine menu and the buzz of our wine bar&... Mint Restaurant and Wood-Fired Grill Cape Town Central, Western Cape Breakfast, Cape Malay, Contemporary, Grills, Indian, Light Meals, Pizza, Vegetarian Mint Restaurant & Terrace is an upscale all-day dining venue tucked into the heart of the city centre, with views out onto the street and an outdoor bistro with couch seating. Nestled... @ThePlace2B Lanseria, Gauteng African, Breakfast, Burgers, Cocktails, Country, Grills, Health, Italian, Light Meals, Picnics, Pub Meals, Seafood, South African, Traditional, Vegetarian Our South African inspired family restaurant in Lanseria, @ThePlace2B is something completely different, yet at the same time comforting and familiar, offering real country dining. Our award-winnin... The LivingRoom at Summerhill Pinetown, Kwazulu Natal Fine Dining, South African, Vegetarian At The LivingRoom, our ambition is to showcase Durban’s culinary diversity at an Internationally recognized level. We believe, Durban needs a true representative of its beautiful culinary her... Restaurants in Johannesburg offer a diverse and exciting culinary experience, from traditional African dishes to international cuisine. Johannesburg has everything if you’re looking for a fine dining experience, a casual eatery, or a lively bar and restaurant. In this article, we’ll explore twenty of the top restaurants in Johannesburg, each offering unique and unforgettable dining experiences. From the stunning rooftop views at Marble Restaurant to the traditional braai at Emzini Restaurant, these restaurants showcase the best of South African hospitality, culture, and cuisine. So, let’s dive in and discover the 20 best restaurants in Johannesburg . Explore Restaurants in Johannesburg: Marble Restaurant Facebook / Marble Restaurant Marble Restaurant is one of the best Rosebank restaurants . It is one of the top-rated restaurants in Johannesburg, offering a stunning rooftop view of the city. The restaurant boasts an open kitchen where patrons can watch the chefs at work while enjoying dishes like wood-fired steaks and seafood. Service options: Dine-in, Takeaway, No delivery Address: Trumpet on Keyes Corner 19 Keyes and, Jellicoe Ave, Rosebank, Johannesburg, 2196 Hours: Monday – Sunday, 12:00 pm – 10:00 pm Phone: 010 594 5550 You should also check out the top Vilakazai Street restaurants . The Grillhouse Rosebank Facebook / The Grillhouse Rosebank The Grillhouse Rosebank is a renowned Johannesburg steakhouse offering premium meat cuts and an extensive wine list. The restaurant has a warm and inviting atmosphere and is a popular spot for business dinners or special occasions. Service options: Dine-in, Takeaway, Delivery Address: 1, The Firs, Hyatt Centre, Oxford Road & Biermann Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg, 2196 Hours: Monday – Saturday, 12:00 pm – 10:00 pm; Sunday, 12:00 pm – 05:00 pm Phone: 011 880 3945 The Shortmarket Club Johannesburg Facebook / The Shortmarket Club Johannesburg The Shortmarket Club Johannesburg is a trendy restaurant in the city’s heart. The restaurant is known for its chic decor, inventive cocktails, and contemporary dishes inspired by European cuisine. Service options: Dine-in, No delivery Address: 1 Oxford Parks, 199 Oxford Rd, Rosebank, 2196 Hours: Tuesday – Saturday, 12:30 pm – 09:30 pm; Sunday, 12:30 pm – 02:30 pm Phone: 010 006 2323 Level Four Restaurant Facebook / Level Four Restaurant Level Four Restaurant is an upscale dining experience located in the prestigious 54 on Bath hotel. The restaurant offers a sophisticated ambience and a modern South African menu featuring local ingredients and global flavours. Service options: Dine-in, Kerbside pickup, No delivery Address: on Bath Hotel, 54 Bath Ave, Rosebank, Johannesburg, 2196 Hours: Monday – Sunday, 06:30 am – 10:30 am; 12:00 pm – 03:00 pm; 06:00 pm – 10:00 pm Phone: 011 344 8442 The Marabi Club Facebook / The Marabi Club The Marabi Club is a unique jazz club and restaurant located in the Maboneng Precinct. The venue is known for its live music performances, delicious cocktails, and innovative menu that blends traditional South African flavours with contemporary techniques. Service options: Dine-in, No takeaway, No delivery Address: Maboneng Precinct, 54 Siemert Rd, New Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2094 Hours: Thursday – Saturday, 06:00 pm – 11:30 pm Phone: 010 591 2879 Kobo Cuisine Restaurant Facebook / Kobo Cuisine Restaurant Kobo Cuisine Restaurant is a hidden gem in Johannesburg, specializing in West African cuisine. The restaurant offers a cosy atmosphere and a variety of dishes, including jollof rice, grilled fish, and plantain. Service options: Dine-in, Takeaway Address: 85 Commissioner St, Marshalltown, Johannesburg, 2000 Hours: Monday – Sunday, 09:00 am – 06:00 pm Phone: 074 812 1913 La Boqueria Parktown North Facebook / La Boqueria Parktown North La Boqueria Parktown North is a Spanish-inspired restaurant that offers tapas, charcuterie, and other Mediterranean dishes. The restaurant has stylish decor and a lively atmosphere, making it a popular spot for casual dining and socializing. Service options: Dine-in, Kerbside pickup, No-contact delivery Address: 17 3rd Ave, Parktown North, Johannesburg, 2193 Hours: Tuesday – Friday, 12:00 pm – 10:00 pm; Saturday, 11:00 am – 10:00 pm; Sunday, 11:00 am – 07:00 pm Phone: 076 997 3263 Mezepoli Restaurant Melrose Arch Facebook / Mezepoli Restaurant Melrose Arch Mezepoli Restaurant Melrose Arch is a Greek-inspired restaurant that offers a wide range of mezze plates, grilled meats, and seafood. The restaurant’s contemporary design and the lively ambience transports diners to the Mediterranean. Service options: Dine-in, Kerbside pickup, Delivery Address: The Piazza, SL26, Whiteley Rd, Melrose, Johannesburg, 2196 Hours: Tuesday – Saturday, 11:00 am – 10:00 pm; Sunday – Monday, 11:00 am – 09:00 pm Phone: 011 684 1162 ALSO SEE: 10 Best Restaurants in Krugersdorp La Vie en Rose Facebook / La Vie en Rose La Vie en Rose is a charming French bistro in Sandton’s heart. The restaurant offers classic French dishes like escargots, coq au vin, and bouillabaisse, as well as an extensive wine list and decadent desserts. Service options: Dine-in, Takeaway, No delivery Address: 60 5th St, Houghton Estate, Johannesburg, 2196 Hours: Tuesday – Sunday, 07:00 am – 06:00 pm Phone: 011 268 6144 Flames Facebook / Flames Flames is one of the most renowned restaurants in Johannesburg, offering a memorable dining experience with its breathtaking views and exceptional cuisine. As one of the top-rated restaurants in Johannesburg, Flames combines a contemporary menu with a stylish and sophisticated ambience, making it a must-visit destination for food enthusiasts. Service options: Dine-in · No delivery Address: 67 Jan Smuts Ave, Westcliff, Johannesburg, 2132 Hours: Monday – Sunday, 07:00 am – 11:00 pm Phone: 011 481 6000 Photograph: Claire Gunn The 44 best restaurants in Cape Town There are so many great restaurants opening in Cape Town we've had to update this list again! Time Out's local expert flags the restaurants you just can't miss... Monday 31 March 2025 Share Written by Rebecca Weber & Alicia Erickson Written by: Richard Holmes Cape Town is the culinary capital of Africa, and has long been hailed as one of the world's most exciting destinations for foodies. Whether you're searching for a restaurant with a view of the winelands – hello Chef's Warehouse – or a contemporary fine-dining destination in the heart of the popular V&A Waterfront, we've got you covered in this authoritative list of the best restaurants in Cape Town. And because the landscape keeps changing, so does this list, with new additions including Chefs Warehouse & Canteen, The Red Room, Ouzeri and The Happy Uncles! Cape Town is a cosmopolitan culinary landscape and one that is increasingly aware of the need for diversity both on the plate and in the kitchens. In selecting our favourite spots (and we know there will be those who disagree) we’ve highlighted a cross-section of the city’s kitchens. They are each memorable in their own way, and while they differ in approach and price they are all worth a visit. So, our advice? Come hungry, and get stuck into our (ever-changing) selection of Cape Town’s best restaurants. RECOMMENDED: 🍳 The best breakfast and brunch spots in Cape Town 🛍 The best markets in Cape Town 🍕 The best pizza in Cape Town This guide was recently updated by Richard Holmes , a travel writer based in Cape Town. At Time Out, all of our travel guides are written by local writers who know their cities inside out. For more about how we curate, see our editorial guidelines . Time Out Market Cape Town Things to do Photograph: Supplied The Time Out Market Cape Town sees 13 of the city's best chefs bring an authentic taste of the Mother City to one colourful, cosmopolitan destination in the popular V&A Waterfront. Best restaurants in Cape Town 1. Salon Photograph: Salon Gourmands wept when Luke Dale Roberts announced in 2021 that he was closing The Test Kitchen, his groundbreaking fine-dining destination that put Cape Town on the global map for well-heeled foodies. But at Salon there’s an echo of The Test Kitchen’s glory days, with a menu of layered, adventurous and creative cooking that takes its cue from Dale Roberts’ career in kitchens across the world. That globetrotting inspiration is blended with the talent of Executive Development Chef Carla Schulze, and together the pair have created a remarkable dining experience in an intimate, yet glamorous, space in Woodstock’s Old Biscuit Mill precinct. The set menu of 11 dishes roams widely and changes regularly. The playful plate of ‘Padkos’ snacks celebrates traditional South African flavours, while the Duck Suzette (France) and ‘Black Forest Cake’ (Germany) reinvent these classic plates. And you won’t soon forget the remarkable ‘Beef Kalbi’ (Korea), served with shiitake and chestnut rice. Across the menu it’s playful, creative cuisine that’s perhaps less experimental than The Test Kitchen once was, but all the more enjoyable for it. The Journey menu can be ordered with a bespoke wine pairing, or select from the carefully curated wine list. Certainly don’t miss the signature cocktails: the Elderflower martini is superb. Advance booking recommended. The Silo, The Old Biscuit Mill, 373-375 Albert Rd, Woodstock, Cape Town, 7915 Been there, done that? Think again, my friend. Sign up to our newsletter to enjoy Cape Town without spending a thing (as well as options when you're feeling flush). Email address By entering your email address you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and consent to receive emails from Time Out about news, events, offers and partner promotions. 2. La Colombe Photograph: Lisa Daubermann Photography Hidden in the forests above the Constantia winelands, La Colombe – 'the dove' – is widely hailed as one of the world’s best restaurants. This is a destination, not merely dinner, so set aside some time for the extensive Chef’s Menu (there’s also a vegetarian option and a reduced menu at lunch) that combines flavours and textures from Asia, Latin America, Europe and Africa into an experience gloriously playful, interactive, and creative at every turn. The hours slip by as talented chefs send a wonderland of dishes across the table, while inspired pairings – from cocktails and craft beer to boutique wineries – make this optional extra worth the spend. Silvermist Estate, Constantia Nek, Cape Town Advertising 3. ROOI Photograph: One&Only Cape Town In a beautifully revamped space (the work of London-based Muza Labs), the flagship restaurant at One&Only Cape Town has been reimagined as a modern South African grillroom, billed as ‘a celebration of land and sea, touched by fire’. It’s an approach that has worked for high-end dining destinations elsewhere in South Africa and comes seamlessly to the fore at ROOI . The menu ranges widely, from salads to suit lighter appetites or to combine with the inventive starter plates that tap into a larder of local produce. The ‘Simonstown Chokka & Chips’ is a wonderful take on a popular classic. The selection of grills is likely to tempt, but the kitchen’s creativity is best discovered in the Mains, where the Cape and that fiery influence come together neatly. Think Cape Malay chicken breast, Josper-fired aubergine and a contemporary version of classic lamb shank potjie with krummelpap. Desserts lean heavily into traditional plates, from reinvented Hertzoggies and malva pudding to the clever ROOI smores; a braai-time favourite. For pairings, turn to One&Only’s long-time sommelier, Luvo Ntezo. One&Only Cape Town, Dock Rd, Victoria & Alfred Waterfront 4. Marble Cape Town Photograph: Claire Gunn It’s been a long time coming, but chef David Higgs has finally brought his much-loved Johannesburg restaurant to Cape Town. Located in the historic Union Castle building in the heart of the V&A Waterfront, floor-to-ceiling glass facades offer stunning views of the harbour precinct and city beyond. On the menu, Higgs combines his signature fire-focused philosophy with the city’s seafood traditions, on a Mediterranean-inspired collection of plates that includes snoek pâté with magwenya, alongside new creations like mussel paella and line fish with burnt leeks and roasted fish bone sauce. Mains feature Marble’s famous wood-fired Chalmar ribeye, which pairs well with a bottle of Cape red from the extensive cellar. It’s not all meaty though. Vegetarians are well taken care of, with the likes of roasted pumpkin with candied walnuts and burnt honey dressing. Dock Rd, Victoria & Alfred Waterfront Advertising 5. PIER Photograph: Supplied PIER brings a long-overdue dose of fine dining to the popular V&A Waterfront. Set in a historic building overlooking the working harbour, Head Chef John Norris-Rogers dishes up a memorable multi-course journey of flavours. Expect a culinary experience that weaves together classical French technique, superb local produce and a subtle touch of culinary theatrics. Book ahead for a window seat, where a tableau of sea views suits the wave of seafood-focused plates that roll out from the kitchen. Pierhead Building, V&A Waterfront 6. FYN Photograph: Bruce Tuck With a clutch of awards for both its innovative cuisine and commitment to sustainability, FYN offers a thoroughly contemporary fine dining experience in a beautifully eye-catching loft-style space boasting city and mountain views. But your eyes will be fixed firmly on your plate here, as you taste your way through a menu inspired by a unique fusion of South African ingredients and Japanese flavours and techniques. Cape Malay-style trout, prawns cooked in kelp and guinea fowl wontons are among the creations you can expect to find on the kaiseki set menus. Non-carnivores need not worry – pescatarian and plant-based menus are also available. 37 Parliament St, CBD, Cape Town, 8001 Advertising 7. Una Más Photograph: Una Mas Set in the vibe of Sea Point’s Main Road, Una Más introduced Cape Town to the delights of premium Mezcal. But the food is just as good as the cocktail and mezcal selection, with Head Chef Dian Botes crafting an impressive collection of plates that celebrate the flavours of Mexico. Start with the guacamole and totopos, of course, but the Bites and Sides selection hides plenty of treasures, including tasty empanadas and tangy ‘Street Corn’ ribs. There’s a worthy focus on getting the basic right here, with imported Mexican chillies and tortilla chips made in-house each day. The tacos are superb, not least because they are made properly, with traditional Masa Harina corn. Don’t miss the Jalisco-style beef birria for an umami bomb. To drink? You’ll find more than 200 agave spirits on the menu, from premium imports to a handful of top-notch local varieties. 77 Regent Rd, Sea Point 8. The Red Room at Mount Nelson Photograph: Claire Gunn Another outing by chefs Liam Tomlin and David Schneider sees their highly successful small-plate approach given an Asian spin. Set in a dark and moody space beneath the iconic Mount Nelson Hotel, perhaps only Tomlin and Schneider could have taken a windowless room (once a much-loved ‘70s grillroom) and turned it into a destination restaurant that’s sexy-as-hell. Start with drinks and snacks in the bar, where classic cocktails are given a contemporary update, before moving to the main event. Sleek banquettes are ideal for couples, or book the private tables curtained off in the middle of the room. The Red Room menu is a celebration of Pan-Asian cuisines, deeply rooted in the dim sum of Hong Kong, and diners can choose between à la carte plates or a range of set menus for sharing. Whole Peking duck – sliced and served with all the trimmings – is a signature, as is the whole roasted fish. There’s an impressive wine list on offer, and skilled sommeliers on hand to guide you through it. Mount Nelson Hotel, 76 Orange Street, Gardens Advertising 9. Seebamboes Photograph: Claire Gunn A fascinating colab between four chefs and artists has transformed the mezzanine level above GALJOEN (also on this list) into an intimate 16-seater restaurant that ups the ante on ‘surf and turf’. The menu and concept at Seebamboes have been imagined as a ‘conversation between land and sea’, so look forward to small plates like West Coast snoek pâté, rolled in biltong dust and served with grilled grapes redolent with the smoky tang of the braai fire. Up next? Perhaps lamb and dune spinach. Rump steak and seaweed dashi. Blesbok and mussels. A flatbread with fermented tomato, nduja and Cape Point octopus. That ‘chimichurri’ on the side? It’s also made from seaweed. It’s playful, creative and delicious at every turn. The wine list is equally adventurous, with a wonderful cocktail list to tempt you too. GALJOEN, Harrington Street 10. Seven Colours Eatery Photograph: Seven Colours Eatery Set in the riverside Battery Park section of the extended V&A Waterfront precinct, Seven Colours Eatery is a charming café-style eatery that takes its name from the traditional Sunday lunch served in many African homes, offering a contemporary take on traditional African cuisine. While the menu extends to hearty breakfasts and sandwiches made with local igwinya or roosterkoek, the heart of the menu is the iPlate. Here you’ll be guided by a choice of the day’s dishes, whether it’s umngquso onembotyi (samp and beans) or amazimba red sorghum for staple starches, to slow-cooked beef potjie or lamb tripe for proteins. Served alongside are four traditional side dishes, including savoury spinach and bean chakalaka. Owner-chef Nolu Dube-Cele also supports other young black-owned suppliers and producers across the city, so pair your iPlate with wines and beers by Ntsiki Biyela and Tolokazi, gins by Best Spirits of Africa, or beans roasted by Khayelitsha-based Siki’s Coffee. It’s a young, joyful, colourful South African dining experience that’s a must-eat in Cape Town. Battery Park, V&A Waterfront Advertising 11. Salsify at The Roundhouse Photograph: Salsify at The Roundhouse Stretched out across the upper floor of an 18th-century hunting lodge amid the forests above Camps Bay, the tables at Salsify boast Atlantic Ocean views that make the plates from chef Ryan Cole all the more enticing. The seasonal menu draws inspiration from the abundant nature around the city: langoustine gnocchi with spring truffles, linefish in lemongrass cream and smoked springbok are some of the inventive items to grace the menu. Come hungry – and in time to catch the golden sunset light pouring through this stunning art-filled space. Roundhouse, Round House Rd, Camps Bay 12. YATAI Ramen Bar Photograph: Yatai Cape Town has fallen hard for ramen, and this latest addition to the city’s menu of noodle bars is well worth a visit. But unlike the dive bars and counter eateries you’ll find elsewhere, YATAI takes the luxe up a notch. This is a place for date nights and celebrations, collared shirts and a frock. The décor is elegant, dark and sexy, and you’ll want to dress the part. And don’t hurry along to the ramen. First, take your time meandering through the collection of pan-Asian small plates: the bao are superb, matched only by the Cape Bream tartare. For vegetarians, the miso-glazed aubergine is a standout. But the ramen certainly steals the show. Yatai’s focus is a modern take on the ‘kotteri’ style, so expect creamy richness rather than clear ‘assari’ broths. The signature ramen dish is the 72-hour Tonkatsu broth, but you’ll also be able to dip a spoon into Shio broth enriched with fresh clams. Look out for their value-for-money specials on certain days of the week. 87 Bree Street Advertising 13. Terrarium Photograph: Newmark Hotels Chef Chris Erasmus has long been known for his remarkable ability to combine hyper-seasonal produce – often foraged by his own hand – into memorable fine-dining cuisine. That skill is on full display at Terrarium , the new flagship restaurant at the Queen Victoria Hotel in the V&A Waterfront. In keeping with Erasmus’ approach, Terrarium’s menus incorporate seasonal ingredients and unusual cuts of meat, lowering the demand on prime cuts, without compromising on flavour. Expect much of the produce to come from local farms and small, family-owned fisheries, butcheries, smokers and beekeepers. There’s a ‘small plates’ menu for lunch – or at the bar come evening – but the standout offering is the eight-course Fauna or Flora menu. Queen Victoria Hotel, Portswood Rd, Victoria & Alfred Waterfront 14. Galjoen Photograph: Claire Gunn/Supplied Named for South Africa’s national fish, Galjoen celebrates seasonal seafood plucked exclusively from local waters. There’s a set menu served daily, with the chefs asking you to put your trust (and appetite) in their hands with a selection of plates that will likely run from freshly shucked oysters to fantastically fresh line fish. Of course, it all depends on what the boats bring in that day, so surrender to the surprise and enjoy a proudly local taste of South African seas. An excellent wine selection, open kitchen and contemporary décor by leading artists makes this a must for anyone with a taste for seafood. 99 Harrington Street, Cape Town Advertising 15. Heirloom Photograph: Cape Grace The iconic Cape Grace Hotel has enjoyed a long-overdue rejuvenation of late, with a top-to-toe refurb that has breathed new life into this famous city address. That new energy extends to the kitchens, with acclaimed chef Gregory Czarnecki – who wowed diners at The Restaurant at Waterkloof – at the helm. At Heirloom he brings his full talent to bear on a multi-course degustation menu that taps into local inspiration and flavours coupled with his deep love for classical haute cuisine. It’s all served up in an elegant space of white napery and a striking central bar. Afterwards, be sure to enjoy a digestif in the hotel’s elegant Library Bar overlooking the marina. West Quay, V&A Waterfront 16. Chefs Warehouse & Canteen Photograph: Claire Gunn A decade after Liam and Jan Tomlin first opened Chefs Warehouse & Canteen in Heritage Square on Bree Street, the original has received a long-awaited reboot just across the road. This new outing is a partnership with chef David Schneider, and delivers the same dedication for down-to-earth dining, this time with a little more space than the original. But the concept remains reassuringly (almost) the same, with a ‘Tapas for 2’ menu the bedrock of the experience, offering a set menu of four courses for sharing. Those plates change regularly but look forward to the likes of venison tataki and pork gyoza, pork belly with lentil ragout or duck breast with fesujin sauce. No surprise that Tomlin’s iconic lemon posset, of course, makes a triumphant return. Don’t like set menus? There’s now also an à la carte option, plus a well-stocked wine cellar (two, in fact) filled with many bottles from Tomlin’s own cellar. 91 Bree Street, Cape Town Advertising 17. The Foodbarn An early pioneer of Cape Town’s ascent into the heady heights of global fine dining, Franck Dangereux has long since thrown off the foams and frippery in favour of elevated bistro-style cuisine in a relaxed setting in the Deep South. For the past decade and more, The Foodbarn in Noordhoek Farm Village has been the go-to for locals in the know, lured in by an inspired menu of dishes that are “civilised, without being pretentious”. With both a café-style and ‘Bistronomy’ menu by day, the offering segues into a Tapas bar come evening. Expect the likes of cauliflower beignets, bouillabaisse and mussel fritters with flash-fired rice noodles. Capetonians can’t get enough of his delicately crafted cuisine, and you’ll likely need to book ahead for a weekend table. Noordhoek Farm Village, Chapmans Peak Road, Noordhoek 18. The Pot Luck Club Photograph: Supplied Spanning the top floor of the original silos in The Old Biscuit Mill, The Pot Luck Club has floor-to-ceiling glass windows overlooking the edgy Woodstock neighbourhood. The space is all modern, industrial elegance, with a rotating menu of small plates built on Asian flavours and superb local produce. Look for inventive spins on well-loved classics like fish tacos, and don’t miss the signature smoked fillet with café au lait sauce. The cocktail collection is superb, and the set menu Sunday Brunch is wildly popular with locals. The Silo, The Old Biscuit Mill, 373-375 Albert Rd, Woodstock, Cape Town, 7915 Advertising 19. The Happy Uncles Photograph: The Happy Uncles In the gentrifying suburb of Salt River chef Anwar Abdullatief leads the kitchen at The Happy Uncles , pioneering the concept of Halaal fine dining in celebration of the city’s ‘Cape Malay’ Muslim community. While he brings many of the same flavours to Barakat at Time Out Market Cape Town , at The Happy Uncles (a name in contrast to his previous bakery, ‘My Cross Aunt’) Abdullatief’s years of fine-dining experience are given a chance to shine here, with inspired culinary creations that draw heavily on childhood food memories. Across 4-, 6- and 8-course tasting menus the dishes are complex and conceptual, with creative plating adding a sense of the theatrical to a flavour journey through the history of the Cape. 100 Voortrekker Rd, Salt River 20. Scala Photograph: Scala ‘Not Your Mamma’s Pasta’, claims the cheeky napkin at Scala . And it’s not wrong. This sexy subterranean Italian eatery is as far from a familial trattoria as you could ask for. Instead Executive Chef Justin Barker, working with Italian master chef Luciano Monosilio, has created an elegantly upmarket take on Italian cuisine. Start with Scala’s signature negroni as you browse the selection of modern antipasti plates, tapas-style pasta dishes and tempting dolce. The starter of char-grilled melanzane is a standout, lifted by bright tomato salsa and hits of basil, while the imported Italian burrata served with panzanella would make your nonna weep. Pasta dishes – the main event – are plated as small portions, allowing you to dabble in a few of the 10 different variations on offer. The Scala carbonara is the highlight, but the tortelli of roasted tomato and burratina are equally memorable. The curated wine list is a perfect foil for the fine food, making this one of the city’s must-visit Italian eateries. Advertising 21. Chef's Warehouse at Beau Constantia Photograph: Claire Gunn/Supplied Chef Ivor Jones dishes up some of the best value fine dining in Cape Town in this elegant space pitched high above the vineyards of the Constantia Valley. Jones is a stalwart of the Cape’s culinary scene, and here his inventive selection of four-course set menus selivers a wonderful cross-section of culinary inspiration. Beyond the plates the views are sensational, and on a fine day al fresco tables at Chef's Warehouse at Beau Constantia offer stellar views across the Constantia winelands. 22. Nobu Photograph: Rupert Peace From the first shout of irashaimasu (welcome!) as you enter Nobu you’ll realise this is no ordinary sushi restaurant. Chef Nobuyuki ‘Nobu’ Matsuhisa’s global empire now runs to dozens of restaurants worldwide, but the first Nobu restaurant in Africa opened in the One&Only Cape Town hotel back in 2009, and continues to impress. Beyond the signature Peruvian-Japanese plates, the sushi is arguably the best in the city. Book a seat at the counter to watch the sushi masters at work, where traditional sashimi and nigiri are elegantly plated, or opt for the inventive new-style sashimi. Our recommendation? Avoid the salmon or tuna and opt instead for the local springbok. Nobu certainly isn’t a cheap night out but is worth every cent for that special occasion. One&Only Cape Town, Dock Rd, Victoria & Alfred Waterfront, Cape Town, 8001 Advertising 23. Ouzeri Photograph: Ouzeri In an understated inner-city space, Ouzeri chef-patron Nic Charalambous celebrates the kitchens of Greece and Cyprus with a concise menu dishing up a contemporary take on deeply traditional cuisine. Across the menu, each dish spotlights produce and provenance, whether it’s a Greek recipe for octopus with potato and caramelised garlic, or the anari dumplings with fresh tomato dumplings from Cyprus. A summertime standout is the cured, smoked pork loin that is cooked over wild rosemary to offer a modern taste of Crete in the Mother City. From the very beginning, Charalambous has turned to the pages of his family’s recipe books for inspiration, coupling that with his own travels through the region and a healthy dollop of creativity in the kitchen. The result? A Mediterranean menu you won’t soon forget. 58 Wale St, Cape Town 24. Clarke’s Photograph: Clarke's Set halfway along the gourmet boulevard of Bree Street, Clarke’s is as famous for its homemade burgers served up on house-baked brioche buns, as the excellent smoked tomato soup served with a cheese toastie. It’s a favoured hangout for digital nomads and hipsters alike, and buzzes with a Brooklyn energy every day of the week. 133 Bree Street, Cape Town Advertising 25. Grub & Vine (& Culture Wine Bar) Photograph: Nickey Bothma Matt Manning has built a loyal local following at Grub & Vine , with his upmarket yet unpretentious New York-inspired bistro in the heart of the Bree Street strip, where a menu d’jour offers two- and three-courses from a dozen or so elevated bistro plates. ‘Good honest cooking, with proper sauces. That’s the style we do, and we do it well,’ says Manning. ‘And we serve it with a great wine list that we’re known for.’ The Grub & Vine wine list is certainly impressive, which led to Manning opening Culture Wine Bar alongside. Here you’ll find a few lighter plates, each with Manning’s signature touch, alongside a wine list of more than 600 labels. It’s the perfect place to take a deep dive into the world of Cape wine, in the heart of the city. 103 Bree St. 26. Nikkei Photograph: Nikkei Nikkei is, simply, named for the style of cuisine on offer: a fusion of Japanese and Peruvian culinary traditions. On the menu that means a heady mix of flavours and textures, cooking styles and serving plates. At heart, Nikkei is all about sharing, and it’s the best way to sample the diversity of dishes on offer. There’s sushi, of course, and here it’s expertly crafted with a variety of seafood. The Crudo plates of raw and cured fish are more expressive though, with the likes of tuna ceviche, smoked jalapeno and shoyu neatly embracing the Nikkei concept. Next tackle the Small Plates – the coal-seared scallops are worth the spend – and skewers of Robatayaki from the coal-fired grill, or opt for heartier mains. Across the menu the cross-cultural interplay of flavour and texture means that few dishes disappoint. That fusion extends to the drinks menu, where both sake and pisco define the impressive signature cocktails. Spread across two levels Nikkei is a thoroughly glamorous set-up, with both banquette seating and booths set beneath a riot of natural greenery. 87 Bree Street, Cape Town Advertising 27. Vadivelu Photograph: Vadivelu This contemporary take on Indian cuisine has fast become a local favourite, and an early entry on our list of the best Indian restaurants in Cape Town . Vadivelu is a family affair, with three cousins and in-laws coming together to create a space that celebrates South Africa’s Indian community on a menu that promises ‘Indian. With Attitude’. That shines through in the energetic service as much as the diverse menu, where you’ll find fiery pani puri alongside wafer-thin dosas and fragrant prawn curries redolent of southern India. The vegetarian curries are superb – don’t miss the aloo gobi – but the standout is the Durban lamb curry, a deeply flavourful local speciality that’s best mopped up with the flaky garlic parathas. 151 Kloof St, Gardens 28. Upper Union Photograph: Jan Ras There are many great reasons to visit Kloof Street, which Time Out voted one of the world’s coolest streets in 2023. But there’s an equally good reason to step away from it and into the gate of Cape Cadogan Boutique Hotel. Because here you’ll find Upper Union and the sublime menu of seasonal dishes dreamed up by chef Amori Burger. Her focus is firmly on letting the ingredients shine, with just enough kitchen creativity to elevate the produce from the merely delicious to the sublime. While a choice (Pasture, or Garden) of shared menus are available, the heart of Upper Union is the menu of small plates, built for sharing and taking inspiration from culinary cultures across the globe. In summer local botanicals shine through in the picanha steak with waterblommetjie and nasturtium chimichurri. Burger’s candied summer pumpkin will shift your perception of squash, while the grilled Karoo lamb and baharat sauce is a delight. The wine list is small but features a wonderful well-priced collection of Cape estates. 3 Upper Union St, Gardens Advertising 29. Foxcroft Photograph: Foxcroft A more relaxed alternative to its sister-restaurant La Colombe up the road, the selection of small plate menus at Foxcroft focuses on hyper-seasonality and sustainability. Despite the calibre of cooking, this is not fiddly fine dining, with warm and attentive service, refined plating and perfectly pitched portions. Shop 8, High Constantia Centre, Groot Constantia Road, Constantia 30. Gigi Rooftop Photograph: Gigi Rooftop Gigi Rooftop at the Gorgeous George Hotel in the city centre is most famous for its rooftop bar; something of a hidden secret amongst locals and savvy travellers. But after you’ve sipped a few signature cocktails – the Maple Old Fashioned is a favourite – you’ll want a bite to eat. Happily, the restaurant serves a superb seasonal menu that taps into some of the city’s best producers. It's an eclectic offering with something for most palates, whether you look to the Cape Malay fish tartare, or go classic with a twice-baked cheese soufflé. That’s for starters, while mains are largely meaty in focus: think lamb rump, springbok loin or a creative fish en papillote (that’s fancy-French for cooked in an airtight parcel) with miso tomato ‘shakshuka’. The décor is just as imaginative, with deep-buttoned banquettes, low-slung tables and no shortage of terrace tables for those balmy summer nights. 118 St. Georges Mall, Cape Town Advertising 31. Belly of the Beast Photograph: Belly of the Beast Reservations are essential at Belly of the Beast , an intimate spot in the heart of Cape Town, with only one lunch and one dinner seating per day. There’s no menu, but instead a daily table d’hôte set menu of courses that takes its cue from local, sustainably sourced ingredients. Wine pairings draw on some of the Cape’s leading cellars. Expect a creative, immersive dining experience that’s hard to find elsewhere in the city. 110 Harrington St, Cape Town City Centre 32. Ramenhead Photograph: Supplied The team behind fine-dining juggernaut FYN take ramen to an entirely new level at this chic spot in the heart of the city. While you’ll also find a Ramenhead outpost at the bustling Time Out Market Cape Town in the V&A Waterfront precinct, it’s well worth a visit to the original to take in the impressive Yamato noodle machine, the first (and only) in Africa. Beyond the three soupy varieties of ramen on offer you’ll find a collection pre- and post-bites inspired by Japanese street-food favourites. Don’t miss the upmarket take on gyoza dumplings. 37 Parliament St, Cape Town City Centre Advertising 33. Beyond Photograph: Beyond At beyond chef Peter Tempelhoff delivers a superb à la carte menu of elevated cuisine that places provenance and produce in the spotlight. That means starter plates of local handcrafted Burrata, plated with seasonal vegetables, or a tataki of local game fish enlivened by wild herbs and seaweed foraged from the shoreline of the peninsula. Main courses are built around your choice of protein, and the free-range steak – well aged and perfectly seared – is a standout, served with a clever take on a classic salad. It’s a concise menu, with a handful of options per course, but with enormous care taken over every element it strikes the right notes of relaxed fine dining at friendly prices. Set on Buitenverwachting Estate in the Constantia winelands, expect expansive views of mountain and vineyard; a perfect counterfoil to the elegant organic décor indoors. Buitenverwachting estate, 37 Klein Constantia Rd, Nova Constantia 34. ëlgr Photograph: ëlgr In the heart of buzzy Kloof Street chef Jesper Nilsson has created a minimalist, Scandinavian-inspired dining experience that blends local colour and global flavour. While ëlgr is ‘moose’ in Old Norse – a nod to Jesper’s Swedish heritage – the menu is decidedly contemporary, with a focus on sustainable and locally sourced ingredients. What’s great about ëlgr is that it’s a space for all seasons: pop in for a drink after work, paired with a charcuterie board or a few small plates, or settle in for a full fine-dining experience in the moody main restaurant. Go à la carte or opt for the Chef’s Choice sharing menu. Come summer, the cocktail bar and wood-fired pizzas in the rear courtyard always draw a crowd. 75 Kloof St, Gardens Advertising 35. Dawn Photograph: Dawn Restaurant Husband-and-wife duo Ronnie Mao and Giselle Li are trying to change perceptions of ‘Chinese’ food in the city, with a focus on authenticity and regionality on a menu that delves deep into Chinese culinary traditions. If you’re coming in search of sweet-and-sour pork with a fortune cookie to finish? Well, you’ll be disappointed. Instead, look forward to a menu of remarkable plates – mostly small, to allow for sharing – that offer an entirely new perspective on the flavours of China. Start with dim sum, don’t miss the pork ribs in fermented tofu, and marvel at the eye-opening new flavours and textures in the jellyfish and chicken leg. The list goes on, from small plates, noodles and dim sum, to the signature Peking Duck. It’s a menu of remarkable plates that will make you rethink just what ‘Chinese’ food can be. If you love the flavours of Asia, Dawn is a must in the Mother City. Cape Quarter, 10 Jarvis St, De Waterkant 36. Ember & Oak Photograph: Claire Gunn Constantia’s Uitsig Estate keeps evolving in all the right foodie directions, with the whitewashed heritage huisies home to a delicious diversity of eateries. One of the finest is Ember & Oak , where chef Tim Pick makes magic on a compact menu of small plates. It’s a menu built for sharing, and roams widely from Asia to South America and everywhere in between, so look forward to the likes of yellowtail ceviche, pork tostado and gochujang-glazed chicken wings. Another standout is the ‘Cape Malay Cauli’, which translates the savoury and sweet flavours of a traditional South African fish barbecue into a vegetarian plate. The wine list is limited to Uitsig wines or opt for a glass of the unique Chardonnay slushie. The best tables are out on the shaded terrace, with wide lawns and a lush garden for kids to stretch their legs. Constantia Uitsig, Spaanschemat River Road, Constantia Advertising 37. The Test Kitchen Fledgelings Photograph: Supplied At The Test Kitchen Fledgelings acclaimed chef Luke Dale Roberts turns his energy towards offering opportunities for a new generation of talent. Aspiring chefs, often with zero formal training, are brought under the wing of former-Fledgelings and professional chefs, and taught the basics from the scullery to the pass. It’s a remarkable project offering employment, training and hope to a new generation. While the goals are laudable, they don’t come at the expense of great food. The focus is on elevated cuisine, not fine dining, with an à la carte menu that runs from starters of umami-packed Korean Fried Chicken and fiery Fish Tacos, through to elegant mains of Springbok with a heady coffee jus, and creative vegetarian assiette of beetroot. At the table, the atmosphere is infectious and the service exemplary. 38. Thali Photograph: Claire Gunn / Thali The atmospheric courtyard and dimly lit interior decorated with relics from the Indian sub-continent will immediately transport you to a vibey Bombay-style eatery. Thali offers a rotating tasting menu of contemporary Indian food shaped around the concept of thalis—a popular meal in India consisting of numerous small dishes. Here, the ever-changing menus are served in three courses, working their way from milder tastes to spicey dishes with an emphasis on the heat. Thali offers options to suit everyone in your group, from carnivores to vegans and vegetarians. If you thought the food was a showstopper, the inventive cocktails are equally as memorable, drawing inspiration from South Asian flavors. 3 Park Rd, Gardens, Cape Town, 8001 BACK TO THE TOP OF THE PAGE

SHOPPING IN SOUTH AFRICA In the past, a shopping center in South Africa was simply a place to go and purchase what you needed before leaving. Nowadays, however, shopping centers have evolved into sophisticated recreation centers, similar to those found in other developed societies. There are numerous shopping malls in South Africa that are home to a wide variety of retail stores and are visited by customers from different parts of the country. While South Africa has many sophisticated malls in various locations, some are larger than others. This article will explore the largest shopping malls in South Africa. Diamond Pavilion Shopping Mall Shop 11, Diamond Pavilion Mall, Oliver Road, Kimberley website SHOPRITE Convenience-Store Shop 14, Cnr Barkley Road Seochoareng 221A Area 1318 Erf 21983, 221 Barkly Rd, Galeshewe, Kimberley · website routenplaner Ackermans Kimberley Diamond Pavillion Bekleidungsgeschäft Shop 28 Diamond Pavilion Mall, Oliver Rd, Kimberley website routenplaner TRUWORTHS Bekleidungsgeschäft Shop 72 Diamond Pavilion Mall, Oliver Rd, Kimberley website routenplaner Sportsmans Warehouse North Cape Mall Sportbekleidung Cnr Constantia Ave & Memorial Rd, Shop 5, North Cape Shopping Mall, Kimberley Fourways Mall in Johannesburg Fourways Mall in Johannesburg Fourways Mall is a large shopping center located in the Fourways suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It was built in 1994 and has undergone several renovations and expansions since then. The mall currently has a retail space of 178,000 square meters, making it the largest mall in South Africa. Fourways Mall is a popular destination for shoppers, offering a wide range of retail options and entertainment choices. It is owned by Accelerate Property Fund and has approximately 400 stores, including clothing, electronics, home goods, and more. The mall also has 8,000 parking bays for convenience. Fourways Mall is open from 9 am to 8 pm every day except for Sundays, when it closes at 5 pm. It is a well-known landmark in South Africa and attracts a large number of shoppers from different parts of the country. Menlyn Park Shopping Centre Menlyn Park Shopping Centre Menlyn Park Shopping Centre is a premier destination for a top-class shopping experience. It is no surprise that the shopping centre has received numerous awards for its exceptional service since it opened. With over 500 stores and more than 8,000 parking bays, Menlyn Park Shopping Centre offers a wide range of shopping options and convenient parking. The centre also has 16 parking entrances, ensuring that it is easily accessible for all visitors. Whether you are looking for the latest fashion trends, home decor, or electronics, Menlyn Park Shopping Centre has something for everyone. If you are in the area, be sure to visit this renowned shopping centre and experience the best in retail and entertainment. Gateway Theatre of Shopping Gateway Theatre of Shopping Gateway Theatre of Shopping is not only one of the largest shopping malls in South Africa, but it is also one of the biggest in the world. Located in Umhlanga Rocks, north of Durban, the mall features over 400 stores and 70 eateries. At Gateway Theatre of Shopping, visitors can shop at both well-known international brands and local South African retailers. The mall offers a wide range of options for shopping and dining, making it a popular destination for tourists and locals alike. If you are in the area, be sure to visit this impressive mall and experience the best in retail and dining. Canal Walk in Cape Town Located in Cape Town, Canal Walk is one of the largest shopping malls in South Africa. Established in 2000, the mall has worked hard to become one of the most popular in the country, with over 400 stores currently operating there. Canal Walk offers a mix of local and international products and daily leisure and entertainment options for customers. With a wide range of stores and activities, this mall is a popular destination for shopping, dining, and entertainment. If you are in the Cape Town area, be sure to visit Canal Walk and explore all it has to offer. Sandton City South Africa Sandton City is a large shopping mall located in the northern side of the province at Sandton Central Management District in Johannesburg, South Africa. It is one of the biggest malls in the country, with over 300 top-notch local and international retail stores. Visitors can shop at Sandton City from 09:00 to 20:00 on Mondays to Saturdays, and from 09:00 to 18:00 on Sundays and on public holidays. The mall offers a wide range of shopping options, including fashion, home decor, electronics, and more. It is a popular destination for both tourists and locals looking for a high-quality shopping experience. In addition to its retail offerings, Sandton City also features a range of amenities, including a food court, cinema, and entertainment options. It is a well-known landmark in Johannesburg and attracts a large number of shoppers from different parts of the country. Eastgate Shopping Centre Eastgate Shopping Centre, situated in the eastern suburbs of Johannesburg, is a popular destination for shoppers in South Africa. Its extensive array of over 300 diverse retail outlets offers customers the opportunity to find almost anything they need or want, from clothing and electronics to home goods and more. In addition to the wide range of shopping options, Eastgate Shopping Centre also provides a variety of activities and amenities to keep visitors entertained and comfortable. With free WiFi available throughout the center, customers can easily stay connected while they shop, whether they are browsing the latest fashion trends or looking for the perfect gift. Additionally, the presence of several kid-friendly activities makes Eastgate Shopping Centre a great choice for families, offering something for everyone to enjoy. The Pavilion The Pavilion is a renowned shopping destination located in Westville, known for its stunning European architectural design. Since its inception in 1993, it has been a staple in the Durban community and remains one of the first and most popular malls in the area. Currently owned by Pareto, The Pavilion is dedicated to providing an exceptional shopping experience for its visitors. With its beautiful design and wide range of retail outlets, it is no wonder that The Pavilion is considered one of the largest and most attractive malls in South Africa. Whether you are in search of the latest fashion trends or simply looking to spend a day out with friends and family, The Pavilion is the perfect place to shop and relax. Mall of Africa Mall of Africa is a premier shopping destination located in Gauteng, South Africa. As the largest shopping mall in the continent to be built in a single phase, it is home to an impressive array of over 300 retail outlets and international brands. Whether you are looking for the latest fashion trends, seeking out unique gifts, or simply want to spend a day out with friends and family, Mall of Africa has something for everyone. With its convenient hours of operation from 09:00 to 20:00 on Mondays through Saturdays, and from 10:00 to 20:00 on Sundays and public holidays, it is easy to plan a visit to this impressive shopping center. So why wait? Head over to Mall of Africa today and discover all that this premier shopping destination has to offer. Centurion Mall Centurion Mall is a popular open-air shopping centre located in the Gauteng province of South Africa. It boasts a wide range of stores and is known for its unique and well-designed layout. With its prime location and wide array of shopping options, Centurion Mall has become a go-to destination for residents and visitors alike. In addition to its retail offerings, the mall also features a number of dining and entertainment options, making it a complete destination for a day out. Whether you're looking to shop for the latest fashion trends, grab a bite to eat, or simply enjoy some leisure time, Centurion Mall has something for everyone. Westgate in Johannesburg Westgate Mall is a premier shopping destination located in the West Rand region of Johannesburg, South Africa. Managed by Pareto Limited Group, the mall features a wide variety of stores that cater to a diverse range of customers. Whether you're looking for fashion, home goods, electronics, or anything else, you'll likely find it at Westgate Mall. In addition to its impressive selection of retail options, Westgate Mall is also known for its well-organized layout, which makes it easy for shoppers to find what they're looking for. The mall is a popular destination for families as well, with a variety of recreational and entertainment options available. From playgrounds and arcades to food courts and movie theaters, there's always something to do at Westgate Mall. Whether you're looking to shop, eat, or simply relax, this bustling mall has something for everyone. Related posts: Top 10 Cheapest Laptops in South Africa (2024) List of Gucci Stores in South Africa (2024) List Of Hardware Stores In South Africa The Biggest Mall in South Africa: A Shopper’s Paradise The Biggest Mall in South Africa: An Ultimate Guide What Is the Biggest Mall in South Africa? The Ultimate Guide to Menlyn Park Shopping Centre Explore the Biggest Mall in South Africa – A Shopper’s Paradise Shopping In South Africa: Top Markets & Malls In The Country Whether it be the African Craft Market of Rosebank, where things you only get in South Africa are available, or the Neighbourgoods Market Johannesburg, which has some of the best options for souvenirs, shopping in South Africa is not an easy task! There are plenty of opportunities from big brands to local artists who allure you with art, design, with a pinch of tradition and culture. You will find places that have some typical south African things, while the others may specialise in global products! Places For Shopping In South Africa Here are the top 9 places for the most ultimate shopping experience in South Africa that will add immensely to your vacation. So, scroll through and take notes about where you ought to stop b by and shop! Victoria & Alfred Waterfront Well worth of being at the top of this list, Victoria & Alfred Waterfront, more commonly known as V&A Waterfront is a paradise for shopaholics. Everything from the big fashion brands, to local markets are part of this centre which is the best for shopping in Cape Town, South Africa. Not to mention its restaurants that serve delicious multi-cuisine food. While here, do indulge in a little seafood! It would also be interesting to note that there are a number of quirky shops that you can explore if you want cheap things to buy in South Africa. Timings: 9 AM to 9 PM Location: 19 Dock Rd, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa Must Read: 6 Alluring Lakes In South Africa For A Delightful Encounter With Nature! Fourways Mall One of the popular shopping centres in South Africa, Fourways Mall is a wonderful place to enjoy, relax, as well as rejuvenate. It has a lush golf field where you can enjoy a game, and more than 170 shops and centres offering a wide variety of items. Sparkling jewellery and South African chain stores are some of the best features of this mall. Head here for an elite, posh shopping experience! Timings: 9 AM to 6 PM from Monday to Saturday, 9 AM to 3 PM on Sunday Location: William Nicol Dr & Fourways Boulevard, Fourways, Johannesburg, 2055, South Africa Melrose Arch Set in one of the luxurious areas of the town, there is nothing mediocre about the Melrose Arch. enough to be called a city, it has multiple shops, boutiques, and showrooms offering exquisite items of fashion, body care, and even jewellery. Lavish restaurants with extensive menus and specialising in different cuisines can be found here, making this destination perfect for a full day trip. Keep a lookout for any events, as this also serves as a venue to some of the best music concerts and other performances here. Timings: NA Location: 60 Melrose Blvd, Melrose North, Johannesburg, 2076, South Africa Suggested Read: 15 Best Restaurants In South Africa To Enjoy Ultimate Culinary Delight Sandton City When it comes to shopping in South Africa, Sandton City is a must! Renowned for being one of the fanciest places in the country, brands like Gucci, Armani, Lacoste, and Mont Blanc have found solid ground at this centre. Apart from these there are some posh multi cuisine restaurants too which are great for an official meeting, or even a romantic dinner. Move around, and the nightlife in this area is quite exciting. Timings: 9 Am to 8 PM from Monday to Saturday, 9 AM to 6 PM on Sunday Location: Unit U61a, Sandton City, 83 Rivonia Rd, Sandhurst, Sandton, 2196, South Africa Suggested Read: 15 Best Places To Visit In Mozambique To Quench Your Wanderlust Gateway Theatre of Shopping Often claimed to be one of the best entertainment centres in the country, Gateway Theatre of Shopping is a catalogue of more than 380 elite stores. Fashion boutiques like Pringle and Sissy Boy, along with some other quirky options give the guests the best shopping experience in South Africa. Indoor games, recreational activities, restaurants and fast food joints are only some of the additional perks of this place, other that the stores. The centre also has a Skate Park designed by none other than, Tony Hawk! Timings: 9 AM to 7 PM from Monday to Thursday, 9 AM to 9 PM on Friday and Saturday, 9 AM to 6 PM on Sunday Location: Gateway Ave, Umhlanga Ridge, Umhlanga, 4319, South Africa Suggested Read: Table Mountain National Park: The Surreal Beauty Of South Africa The Pavillion For all those looking for some South Africa shopping tips, you are bound to come across this name. Famous for being one of the largest shopping malls in the country, you can spend an entire day here, amongst shopping, food, and entertainment. With almost 290 stores, this mall is ever expanding. It is the perfect place to go window shopping with friends, or even a fun filled day with family and children. You will find everything from fragrances and body care products, to fashion garments and accessories. Timings: 9 AM to 7 PM Location: Jack Martens Dr, Dawncliffe, Westville, 3611, South Africa Suggested Read: 10 Best Places To Visit In Bloemfontein For An Authentic South African Experience Riverside Mall Leading on the list of best shopping malls in South Africa, is Riverside Mall. Located at a perfect spot by the White River, and close to the famous Kruger National Park, it is also one of the top places to grab some souvenirs on your way. They have a huge collection of stores, approximately 140 or even more! And the 650,000 people who visit it per month are a testimony to their quality. Timings: 9 AM to 6 PM from Monday to Saturday, 9 AM to 3 PM on Sunday and Public Holidays Location: Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa Suggested Read: Destination Of The Month: 8 Experiences Presenting The Best Of South Africa In August Canal Walk Rightfully named, the Canal Walk is a shopping centre built around a canal! Innovatively built, and a treat to experience, there are various types of shopping stores that make this centre one of the best South African markets. It is the third largest shopping areas in the country, and is perfect for tourists, as well as locals. Families and friends often come here for a day out, which is the best way to enjoy all that it offers. Timings: 9 AM to 9 PM Location: Canal Walk, Century Blvd, Century City, Cape Town, 7441, South Africa Cavendish Square Cavendish Square is one of the fancy shopping areas with the top international as well as national brands showcasing their best in the sparkly glass showrooms. Along with these, there are also a few chic coffee shops perfect for a quick bite overlooking the streets, and a few entertainment centres like cinema halls too. For those of you who are looking for exclusive South African products, there are a few crafty shops near the Dreyer Street Market which may be worth a visit! Timings: 9 AM to 7 PM from Monday to Saturday, 9 AM to 5 PM on Sunday Location: 1 Dreyer St, Claremont, Cape Town, 7708, South Africa Further Read: Tsitsikamma National Park: A Guide To Explore South Africa’s Spectacular Wilderness And so here we are! Add the best of the above, that interests you the most, to your itinerary, and have a fabulous shopping experience on your South Africa trip with TravelTriangle! The raw material used to make goods like souvenirs that you buy in South Africa come from the natural resources that are abundant in this region. Watch our South Africa travel video to find out what these natural resources are. Disclaimer: TravelTriangle claims no credit for images featured on our blog site unless otherwise noted. All visual content is copyrighted to its respectful owners. We try to link back to original sources whenever possible. If you own the rights to any of the images, and do not wish them to appear on TravelTriangle, please contact us and they will be promptly removed. We believe in providing proper attribution to the original author, artist or photographer. Please Note: Any information published by TravelTriangle in any form of content is not intended to be a substitute for any kind of medical advice, and one must not take any action before consulting a professional medical expert of their own choice. Frequently Asked Questions About Shopping in South Africa What can you buy in South Africa? There are a lot of things you can buy in South Africa and here are some of the most unique SA souvenirs that the locals recommend, Zulu ceremonial spoons, Kalahari salt, Old World wine, Africa-shaped pendant, Local leather backpack, Rooibos Tea, Pichulik earrings, and Pink Lady gin. What is famous in South Africa? There are a lot of things that are famous here in South Africa. Here are some of the top-rated tourist attractions in South Africa. You have the Kruger National Park, Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces, Cape Town, Western Cape, Kgalagadi (Kalahari) Transfrontier Park, Northern Cape, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, The Drakensberg, KwaZulu-Natal, The Garden Route, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, KwaZulu-Natal, and Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve, Mpumalanga. What can I buy in Johannesburg? The most bought souvenirs in Johannesburg are, a Johannesburg sky-line mug from Love Jozi, artisanal spirits from Time Anchor Distillery, gold jewelry from Henriette Botha, leather jacket from Vintage Zionist, African craft from the Rosebank Sunday Market, Mandela memorabilia, and the Ndebele art from Lesedi Cultural Village. What should I wear in South Africa? Well, you can dress light in South Africa if you have come for a holiday. You can wear a shirt, blazer, jeans or trousers for men. There are dresses for women. Aim for neutral and earthy toned colors rather than flashy ones. Are things cheaper in South Africa? South Africans do have a weak economy and several products are cheaper to buy in South Africa. The fruits, furniture, pieces of bread and cereals are all cheap in South Africa. What is the famous food in South Africa? You have goat, beef, chicken, mutton, and other meats mostly. There is a special braai, “pap and vleis”, which is maize meal and grilled meat every Sunday. BACK TO THE TOP OF THE PAGE

Explore the Wonders of South Africa! Discover the Untamed Wilderness Welcome to South Africa South Africa is a country rich in wildlife and history, making it a popular destination for travelers. From the famous Kruger National Park to the Robben Island, there are plenty of places visit and explore. Other must-see destinations include the Cape of Good Hope, Table Mountain, and the Apartheid Museum. Whether you're interested in nature, culture, or history, South Africa has something for everyone. Read More WELCOME WELKOM WILLKOMMEN TO MY WEBSITE ABOUT SOUTH AFRICA Get to Know Us Southernstar-africa is a Homepage and Website based on South Africa,The Life and Culture and Wildlife and as Well of our Lives ,when we were still Liveing in South Africa .This Homepage has Information on South African History,on the Wildlife and the Big Five Game of South Africa. You Can find Pictures ,Links ,News,Recipes,Joke ,South African Ghost Stories and many other things that mite Intrest you,and also for School Projects,Some Pages are not for childrens View. You will find link banner on top of the webpages,at the bottom of the website,and on the left side of the page,you will also see alot of pages are link to other sites ,on the Net,and as well linked to partner and our own websites and Homepages... View More My Story I Was Born On the 15 November 1960 in Germany and was Brought up in South Africa,Have Three of my Own Children and One child that I brought up as my Own Child,Two staying In South Africa and Two Staying with me in Germany. My Nick Name is Andy,and have a Profile on Facebook My Face book Profile Andy Willi Dezius | Create your badge View More WILDLIFE IN THE KRUGER NATIONAL PARK SOUTH AFRICA View More What We Share 01 THINGS TO DO IN SOUTH AFRICA South Africa is a country full of amazing things to do and see. From the stunning beaches of Cape Town to the wildlife of Kruger National Park, there is something for everyone. Take a cable up Table Mountain, go a safari, or visit the historic Robben Island. Whatever your interests, South Africa is sure to leave you with unforgettable memories. 02 ADVENTURES IN SOUTH AFRICA Discover the beauty of South Africa with our exciting adventure tours. From breathtaking safaris to stunning beaches, our tours offer an unforgettable experience. Book now and don't miss out on the adventure of a lifetime! 03 TOP WILDLIFE PHOTOS IN SOUTH AFRICA The Kruger National Park is a wildlife photographer's paradise. With its vast landscapes and diverse range of animals, it offers endless opportunities to capture stunning shots. From majestic elephants to elusive leopards, the park is home to some of the most iconic species in Africa. Explore the park's many trails and lookout points capture the perfect shot and create unforgettable. 04 PLACES TO VISIT IN SOUTH AFRICA South Africa is a country full of breathtaking landscapes and unique experiences. From the stunning beaches of Cape Town to the wildlife reserves of Kruger National Park, there is something for everyone. Take a trip the top of Table Mountain for panoramic views of the city or explore the vibrant culture of Johannesburg. Don't forget to visit the historic Robben Island, where Nelson Mandela was imprisoned 18 years. Africa is a must-visit destination for any traveler seeking adventure and beauty. THE HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA THE VOORTREKKER MONUMENT THE FIRST SETTLERS THE SOUTH AFRICAN FLAG ANGLO ZULU WAR THE BATTLE OF BLOOD RIVER THE GREAT TREK THE VOORTREKKERS THE DAY OF THE VOW THE ANGLO BOERE WAR View More View More View More View More View More View More View More View More View More Exploring the Rich Wildlife of South Africa: A Journey into the Country's Diverse and Exclusive Reserves Imagine embarking on a safari adventure where at every turn, you encounter some of the most magnificent and rare wildlife that South... Sep 21, 2024 2 0 comments 0 1 like. Post not marked as liked 1 Latest Adventures Embark on an unforgettable adventure through the Kruger National Park in South Africa with our tours. Witness the beauty of the wild game in their natural habitat and experience the thrill of spotting the Big Five. Book your safari tour today and create memories that will last a lifetime. Wild life View More View More 30+ Safari Parks Explored 4+ Cultural Experiences 1000+ Wildlife Sightings 50+ Happy Travelers GAUTENG KWA ZULU NATAL EASTERN CAPE FREE STATE MPUMALANGA LIMPOPO NORTHERN CAPE NORTH WEST WESTERN CAPE View More View More View More View More View More View More View More View More View More NINE PROVINCES THE NINE PROVINCES IN SOUTH AFRICA EVERY THING ABOUT SOUTH AFRICA TO DISCOVER SOUTH AFRICAN ART PEOPLE OF SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH AFRICAN SPORT SAFARI TOURS SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH AFRICAN FOODS AND RECIPES HIKEING IN SOUTH AFRICA KRUGER NATIONAL PARK CAMPING IN SOUTH AFRICA MAPS OF SOUTH AFRICA TRAVEL DOCUMENT FOR SOUTH AFRICA TRAVEL GUIDE PLACES TO VISIT IN SOUTH AFRICA View More View More View More View More View More View More View More View More View More View More View More View More View More View More View More View More View More View More SAFARI TOURS WILDLIFE & SOUTH AFRICA VIDEOS BIG FIVE GAME BANKNOTES WILDLIFE PROJECTS WILDLIFE PARKS BIG 5 GAME Wildlife and South Africa Südafrika: Kapstadt, Safari und Garden Route mit Sarazar | ARD Reisen ARD Reisen Play Video Share Whole Channel This Video Facebook Twitter Pinterest Tumblr Copy Link Link Copied Search video... Now Playing Südafrika: Kapstadt, Safari und Garden Route mit Sarazar | ARD Reisen 29:32 Play Video Now Playing South Africa - Country of hope | Travelvideo 02:44 Play Video Now Playing Most Amazing Kruger National Park Wildlife Sightings of 2022 10:51 Play Video Here are some of the top videos of South Africa that you might enjoy watching: 1. "The Beauty of South Africa" by Expedia 2. "Cape Town, South Africa" by Destinations 3. "Kruger National Park" by National Geographic4. "South in 4K" by Around The World 4K 5. "Johannesburg, South Africa" by The York Times. BACK TO THE TOP OF THE PAGE WELCOME TO SOUTH AFRICA TOURS ENTER HERE

Places & Attractions South Africa is a country with a rich cultural heritage and diverse beauty. From the bustling city of Johannesburg to the stunning beaches of Cape Town, there are countless places to visit and attractions to see. Some of the must-visit places include Kruger National Park, Table Mountain, Robben Island, and the Apar Museum. Whether you're interested in history, wildlife, or simply soaking up the sun, South Africa has something for everyone. Click Here More Information ATTRACTIONS & PLACES TO VISIT western cape16 Castle-of-Good-Hope south-africa-cape-grace western cape16 1/14 The Union Building The Union Building in Pretoria, South Africa, is a landmark that has played a significant role in the country's political. Built in 1913, the building served as the administrative center for the Union of South Africa, which was formed in 1910. It was also the site of Nelson Mandela's presidential inauguration in 199, marking the end of apartheid and the beginning of a new era in South African history. Today, the Union Building remains an important symbol of democracy and freedom in the country. Suncity Casino Suncity in South Africa is a world-renowned resort and casino complex offers a unique blend of entertainment, relaxation and adventure. Located in the heart of the North West Province, Suncity boasts a range of luxurious hotels, restaurants, and attractions that cater to every taste and budget. Whether're looking for a romantic getaway, a family, or a thrilling experience, Suncity something for everyone. Cape Castle Capetown The Cape Castle in Cape Town is a historic that was built by the Dutch East India Company in the 17th century. It served as a strategic base for the Dutch to protect their trade route to the East. Over the years, the castle has been used for various purposes, including a prison and a military base. Today, it is a popular tourist attraction and a symbol of Town's rich history. Fish Hoek in Capetown Fish Hoek is a charming coastal town located in the southern of Cape Town, South Africa. The has a rich history dating back to the early1800s when it was first settled by Dutch farmers. Over the years, Fish Hoek has grown into a popular tourist destination, known for its beautiful, stunning scenery, and relaxed atmosphere. Whether you're looking to soak up the sun, explore the local culture, or simply unwind and relax, Fish Hoek has something for everyone. South Africa’s top 10 incredible attractions Ask anyone and they’ll tell you, South Africa boasts amazing tourist attractions that are worth visiting more than once. But where does one even start? Here’s a list of top 10 attractions that you should tick off your “to-do” list. 1) Table Mountain Sitting at 1,085m above sea level, you’re guaranteed incredible sunset views of Cape Town and surrounds on the new 7 Wonders of the World – the magnificent Table Mountain. Sprawling with indigenous plants such as the Protea and wildlife including adorable Dassies (rock badgers), Table Mountain is the ideal spot to witness nature at its best. Get a bird’s eye view of the city below from the Table Mountain Cable Way. 2) Cradle of Mankind Imagine what life was like in South Africa millions of years ago. Now you can when you visit the Cradle of Mankind in Gauteng, just northwest of Johannesburg. This World Heritage Site is a treasure trove of fossilised history, and home to the remains of our ancestors – the Hominids. Go back in time and discover an ancient world of dinosaur fossils, hominid skeletons and evidence of their existence at the Maropeng Visitor Centre and the Sterkfontein Caves. 3) Robben Island Of course, a visit to the Cape Town (The Mother City) is not complete without a boat trip to Robben Island. One can almost feel the spirit of legendary Tata Madiba - Nelson Mandela on the island, where he spent 27 years in incarceration. Take a tour of his former prison cell and learn more about his years spent on the island with other struggle fighters. 4) The Cape Winelands Who doesn’t like to swirl and sip delicious and award-winning wines? Even if you’re not a wine connoisseur, everyone can appreciate a good glass of wine. There’s no doubt South Africa, particularly the Western Cape is gateway to incredible wines that’s made in centuries old vineyards across the province. From Stellenbosch to Franschoek, drive along the wine route and enjoy wine tasting along with food pairing to tickle your palate. 5) The Drakensberg Mountains Did You Know? The Golden Gate Highlands National Park is 2200 metres above sea level? Reaching a whopping 3482 metres above sea level, the Drakensberg Mountains covers a distance of over 1000 kilometres. Thabana Ntlenyana is its highest peak and can be found around the area bordering Lesotho. 6) The Kruger National Park Expect to see the 'King of the Jungle' in its natural domain, ruling over the savannah... and the roads. The Kruger National Park is a gateway into the wild, where visitors get to see the Big Five including lions and other fierce cats in their prime. 7) Soweto From the former home of legendary Nelson and Winnie Mandela to other prominent struggle fighters who fought for equality during apartheid, visit Soweto to get a real sense of South Africa’s past and an in-depth look into the lives of those who once lived there. Go on a Sowetan tour, including a visit to nearby taverns to enjoy local beer, braai (barbeque) and experience the vibe of the township. 8) Blyde River Canyon Travelling to Mpumalanga requires a stopover at the Blyde River Canyon. There’s so much to see at this incredible part of the province, including God’s Window – an attraction that will greet you with sweeping views of the valley below. 9) Sun City Resort In 1979 the Sun City Resort was built and houses the Valley of Waves. It’s situated along the border of the Pilanesberg National Park and is known for its casino entertainment, water theme park and renowned for its safari adventures. 10) Golden Gate Highlands National Park Situated in the enchanting Golden Gate National Park in the heart of the Free State and at the foot of the Drakensberg Mountains, it's the perfect place to find South Africa and yourself. From Stellenbosch to Franschoek, drive along the wine route and enjoy wine tasting along with food pairing to tickle your palate. One of the continent’s most popular countries to visit, South Africa boasts loads of epic scenery and amazing wildlife. Asides from safaris and nature spots, some parts are just as famed for their wines and whale-watching or surfing and shark cage diving. Occupying the southernmost end of Africa, the ‘Rainbow Nation’ is bordered by the Atlantic and Indian oceans. A biodiversity hotspot, it includes everything from dramatic deserts and gorges to savannahs, mountains and wine lands. Dotted all about the huge country are gigantic game parks and nature reserves home to the Big 5. While Cape Town and Kruger National Park dominate most peoples’ itineraries, almost every corner of South Africa has new and interesting things to do to offer. Visitors quickly discover that the rich history and colourful inhabitants ideally complement the top tourist attractions in South Africa, which creates an unforgettable experience. e to add your own text and edit me. It's easy. Top Tourist Attractions in South Africa One of the continent’s most popular countries to visit, South Africa boasts loads of epic scenery and amazing wildlife. Asides from safaris and nature spots, some parts are just as famed for their wines and whale-watching or surfing and shark cage diving. Occupying the southernmost end of Africa, the ‘Rainbow Nation’ is bordered by the Atlantic and Indian oceans. A biodiversity hotspot, it includes everything from dramatic deserts and gorges to savannahs, mountains and wine lands. Dotted all about the huge country are gigantic game parks and nature reserves home to the Big 5. While Cape Town and Kruger National Park dominate most peoples’ itineraries, almost every corner of South Africa has new and interesting things to do to offer. Visitors quickly discover that the rich history and colourful inhabitants ideally complement the top tourist attractions in South Africa, which creates an unforgettable experience. Table of Contents Sabi Sands Game Reserve Part of the Mpumalanga province, the sprawling Sabi Sands Game Reserve lies nestled in the northeast of the country. One of the most luxurious safari experiences you can have, its top-end lodges almost guarantee up-close encounters with incredible animals. Named after the two rivers that flow through it, the park was founded as a private game reserve in 1938. Now dedicated to conservation, it has hundreds of species of animals, birds and reptiles residing within its confines. The most sought after and special to see are, of course, the Big 5. As the upscale lodges employ expert guides and trackers, guests return raving about all the elusive animals they’ve seen. Thanks to their efforts, you can often watch leopards, elephants and lions roam about, right beside the jeep. It is these superb safaris and the five-star service that make the considerable outlay well worth it. Cape Agulhas, Western Cape The southernmost tip of the African continent, Cape Agulhas is where both the Atlantic and Indian oceans meet. Oft-overlooked in favour of Cape Point, which is much closer to Cape Town, it contains some absolutely stunning scenery. In addition, there is also a charming old lighthouse and a photo spot to prove you’ve been here. Fittingly named ‘Cape of Needles’ by Portuguese navigators, it overlooks a rough patch of sea renowned for winter storms and rogue waves. To protect the sailors and ships rounding the cape, a lonely lighthouse was built here in 1849. Its red-and-white striped tower now makes for some fantastic photos as does the large metal relief map of Africa nearby. There is also a scenic boardwalk to stroll along and rock pools to explore. Although it is nowhere near the country’s most impressive bit of coastline, we were still happy we stopped by while driving along the Garden Route. It was quite special seeing the oceans meet and their glittering waves stretching away endlessly into the distance. Surfing in Jeffreys Bay One of the best surf spots in the world, the laidback town of Jeffreys Bay can be found in the Eastern Cape, about an hour’s drive from Port Elizabeth. Known for its consistent swells, breaks and big waves, it hosts top-class surfing competitions each year. Since The Endless Summer surf documentary came out in the sixties, both expert and amateur surfers have flocked to J-Bay. It is most famed for its fast right-hand point break that sometimes continues for over a kilometre. At times, its waves also reach up to three metres in height with the Super Tubes stretch being the most popular. Even if you’re not into surfing or are fed up with falling off your board, Jeffreys Bay is still a nice place to spend some time. It has beautiful beaches full of pretty shells to lounge on before trying some of its delicious seafood restaurants. Addo Elephant National Park Also lying near PE (or Gqebera as the coastal city is now known) is the Addo Elephant National Park. One of the most popular places to visit in SA, it houses over 600 of the enormous animals. Whales and white sharks can also sometimes be spied in its waters. Established in 1931 to protect the area’s last eleven elephants, it is now the third-largest park in the country behind Kruger and Kgalagadi. Besides herds of zebra, antelopes and Cape buffaloes, you can also see rhinos, lions and leopards amidst the bush. Cute African penguins and Cape gannets form large breeding colonies along the coast and on its two offshore islands. Hiking and horseback riding about the park is a truly epic experience as is taking a night safari to see its nocturnal creatures. The only park in the world that boasts the ‘Big 7’, Addo definitely isn’t to be missed out on. Wildflowers of Namaqua A natural phenomenon like no other, the semi-desert area of Namaqua is transformed each spring when thousands of succulents seemingly shoot up over night. Watching the colourful wildflowers bloom in the remote region is now an increasingly popular activity. Spread across a large part of the Northern Cape, the biodiversity hotspot contains roughly 5,000 species of plant. Many of these are endemic to the area and can survive amidst all its dry and dusty landscapes. In August and September of the year, the biome changes dramatically for just several weeks thanks to the winter’s rains. During this period, succulents paint the desert a mesmerizing mix of colors with daisies and lilies seen next to aloes and even quiver trees. Cool rock formations and a diverse array of animals can also be seen from Namaqua’s scenic roads and trails. Sun City Resort If after all the sightseeing and safaris you’re looking to kick back and relax in style, then Sun City Resort is the place to go. At the ‘Las Vegas of South Africa’, guests can enjoy fun water parks, golf courses and a casino. Long a popular holiday and weekend destination, the resort opened in 1979 amidst the rolling mountains outside of Rustenburg. Nowadays, its four high-end hotels offer up all kinds of exciting family-friendly activities and exhilarating watersports. Asides from rides and water slides, you can quad bike and water ski or try your luck at the casino. It also has plenty of fine dining options while scintillating shows and events take place all the time. As it only lies two hours drive from Pretoria and Johannesburg, the luxury resort makes for a great getaway. Boulders Penguin Colony As Boulders Beach is located so close to Cape Town, you must go and see its adorable African penguins. Here you can watch the entire colony nest, feed, play and swim about without a care in the world. Since the first two breeding pairs arrived at the beach in 1982, the tiny birds’ numbers have swelled considerably. Around 3,000 now inhabit its sheltered sands and hulking great granite boulders. From its boardwalk, you can see the colony of black-and-white birds bustle about bask in divine views over False Bay. Although a bit pricey for international visitors, the fee does go to protecting their natural habitat and raising awareness about the endangered African penguins. Ride the Blue Train An unforgettable (yet expensive) way to see more of the country is to book a lavish suite aboard the Blue Train. As it is advertised as a ‘five-star hotel on wheels’, expect to pay top dollar for its elegant lounges, fine dining cars and butler service. One of the world’s most luxurious train journeys, the 1,600 kilometer-long line connects Cape Town to Pretoria. Since 1923, countless presidents, politicians and even members of royal families have ridden along the historic route. While relaxing in its carpeted compartments, you can see some of South Africa’s most spellbinding scenery outside the window. In some suites, guests can even sit and soak in a bubble bath as the train trundles along the tracks Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park Straddling the border between SA and Botswana is the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park; one of the world’s largest wildlife preserves. Its endless desert landscapes and golden grasslands are home to massive herds of wildebeest and springbok. Here too you can also spy some of the cunning lions, cheetahs and leopards that prey on them. As it lies largely within the southern Kalahari Desert, the park is quite arid. Only sparse vegetation and dried out river beds punctuate its rolling dunes and open plains. Despite its inhospitable nature, KTP is a haven for local wildlife. This is thanks to its hundred or so waterholes that giraffes, gemsbok and eland all congregate around. The only park of its kind in Africa, it was founded in 2000 to protect animals and birds migrating between the two countries. Although you may not see as much wildlife as in Addo and Kruger, the park is still well worth visiting. This is because its bleak but beautiful scenery makes sightings even more special. Apartheid Museum, Johannesburg A harrowing place to visit, the Apartheid Museum covers a hugely important yet horrific part of South Africa’s past. The well-done displays and oral testimonies really highlight the daily atrocities and inhumanity of the racist system. Only opened in 2001 (just seven years after multiracial elections were finally allowed), it occupies a concrete complex in the center of Johannesburg. Once you walk through its racially-segregated entrance, you’ll find rooms packed with photos, videos and artifacts to explore. These chronicle the rise and fall of Apartheid, how races were classified and just what the country’s constitution now includes. Its exhibits will evoke a wide range of emotions, leaving you exhausted but upbeat at the end. As Apartheid’s impact is still sadly seen (and felt) wherever you go in SA, you really have to spend at least half a day here. This will help you better understand all the peoples and places you visit. iSimangaliso Wetland Park Another spot to enjoy for completely different reasons is the iSimangaliso Wetland Park along the east coast of KwaZulu-Natal. After two and a half hours drive from Durban, its idyllic bays, beaches and reefs really are a treat to explore. Home to Africa’s largest estuarine system, its name fittingly means ‘a miracle’ or ‘something wondrous’ in the Zulu language. We certainly found its beauty captivating as savannas and mangrove forests border pristine beaches and waters teeming with life. Here you can see huge numbers of hippos and crocodiles as well as the odd leopard, white rhino and elephant. Playful dolphins and pods of whales can sometimes also be spotted just offshore. Whale-Watching in Hermanus If you want to see more of the majestic mammals, then Hermanus is one of the best places to head. From atop of the popular seaside town’s craggy cliffs, visitors often see whales migrating all along Walker Bay. Memorable boat trips and sea kayak excursions to get an even closer look are also popular things to do in Hermanus. Located just off the Garden Route, the cute little town lies around ninety minutes’ drive southeast of Cape Town. From as early as June through til December, southern right, humpback and minke whales can all be sighted. Watching them slowly swim along its dramatic coastline is an amazing experience you won’t forget anytime soon. Other than sightseeing cruises and walking along its surrounding cliffs, you can visit the Old Harbour Museum and Whale Museum. The town also hosts the annual Hermanus Whale Festival. This celebrates the start of the calving and mating season that occurs in its shallow waters and sandy coves. Robben Island Certainly the most famous historic site in South Africa, Robben Island is where Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 18 years. Now a museum, it offers up a fascinating look at the lives of the inmates during Apartheid. On tours, it is usually ex-prisoners themselves who actually take you around the cell blocks. Discovered by Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, the isolated island was later fortified and used as a prison by the Portuguese, British and Dutch. From 1961, the South African government kept political prisoners here who opposed Apartheid. They were sadly often beaten, fed poor food and forced to work in quarries, particularly in the early years. While the tours conducted by the former political dissidents sound super interesting, we didn’t manage to make it ourselves. On our last day in Cape Town, bad weather meant our short ferry from the Victoria and Alfred Waterfront was unfortunately cancelled. Just be aware this can happen if you’re on a tight schedule. Blyde River Canyon In a country awash with stunning landscapes, scenery and nature, the Blyde River Canyon still manages to stand out. Part of the Mpumalanga province, it is often visited alongside the nearby Kruger National Park by tourists traveling up from Johannesburg. Stretching 26 kilometers in length, the colossal canyon is named after the winding river that runs through it. Coating its steep sides and sweeping slopes are vast swathes of subtropical forest. Twinkling waterfalls also course their way down its stupendous rock formations. For the best panoramas of the canyon and river, head to either the Pinnacle Rock or God’s Window viewpoints. From up high, you can look out over distinctive rocky outcrops such as the Three Rondavels and Bourke’s Luck Potholes. For a different perspective, hike and horseback ride along the canyon floor or enjoy a relaxing cruise along the river. Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve Just inland from both St. Lucia and the iSimangaliso Wetlands is another popular park to hit up: the Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve. Mostly hilly, it boasts the Big 5 and one of the largest remaining white rhino populations in the world. The oldest nature reserve in Africa, it was established back in 1895 in what is now central KwaZulu-Natal. Thought to be a royal hunting ground during the days of Shaka, Hluhluwe-Umfolozi is renowned for its rich wildlife and world-class conservation efforts. Much less crowded than Kruger, it contains large numbers of lions, leopards and cape buffaloes. The stars of the show though have to be its wonderful white rhinos. Staying at the rustic Mpila Camp or luxury Rhino Ridge lodge overnight enables you to see even more amazing animals. Wake up early and head out to see everything from hyenas and hippos to crocodiles, cheetahs and wildebeest. Cape Winelands As South Africa is famed for its reds, whites and roses, make sure to take a trip around the Cape Winelands. Covering a large part of the Western Cape, all its fertile farms and vineyards produce some absolutely superb wines. At the heart of the picturesque area is the historic university town of Stellenbosch which is also well worth visiting. Thanks to its hot dry summers and cool wet winters, the region is perfect for growing grapes. Countless top-class wineries coat its plains with tours often taking you around a handful in one go. These allow you to enjoy your time at the attractive estates and not have to worry about driving back. The chic J.C Le Roux pairs some fine sparkling wines with creative food combinations, as does the award-winning Beyerskloof. Wherever you go, you’re guaranteed delicious drinks in a gorgeous setting. On top of all this, you can enjoy outstanding views of the Cape Fold Mountains rising above the region in the distance. Drive the Garden Route After seeing Cape Town and Stellenbosch, many people spend about a week driving along the delightful Garden Route. One of the top things to do in South Africa, it takes you past magnificent coastal scenery and peaceful little seaside towns. From Mossel Bay in the Western Cape, the perfectly paved road meanders its way 170 kilometres to Storms River in the Eastern Cape. While the Outeniqua and Tsitsikamma Mountains border it to one side, the other looks out over the ocean. Lining its shores are beautiful beaches, lagoons and tidal pools. As there is so much to do, everyone has a different itinerary. Stops at Plettenburg Bay’s beaches are almost a given though as is whale-watching and ambling around charming coastal towns. Knysna and Nature’s Valley are pretty popular as are shark cage diving trips and hiking Tsitsikamma National Park’s numerous trails. Durban’s Golden Mile A legendary stretch of sand, the Golden Mile is one of the main places in Durban where people relax and enjoy some exercise. Lining its long promenade are dozens of hotels and eateries as well as swimming pools, skate parks and surf spots. Bordered by the central business district, its wide, sandy beaches extend six kilometres or so in length. Overlooking them are lots of high-rises that mostly date to the seventies. Some arresting Art Deco architecture can still also be spied however alongside the busy boardwalk down below. For decades, tourists have flocked here for its flashy entertainment complexes and fun, family-friendly attractions. These include the excellent uShaka Marine World aquarium and Durban Funland amusement park. There is also the Suncoast Casino if you want to try your luck at some table games of slot machines. Victoria and Alfred Waterfront, Cape Town In contrast to the Golden Mile, the Victoria and Alfred Waterfront positively sparkles before your eyes. Immaculately maintained, the shopping and entertainment complex has a lively yet laidback feel. Adding to its appeal is the shimmering sea before it and iconic Table Mountain rising in the background. As one of Cape Town’s largest tourist attractions and most visited destinations, the Victoria and Alfred Waterfront invokes images of the earliest days of the harbor. Located right in the heart of Cape Town, you’ll find hundreds of upmarket shops and restaurants along with an excellent art museum, aquarium and African crafts market. Besides shopping, dining and enjoying some of its live entertainment, you can watch the boats come and go or snap photos of its picture-perfect waterfront. From here, you can hop on harbour tours and take trips to Robben Island. Drakensberg Mountains Reaching between 2,000 and 3,482 meters in height are the massive and majestic Drakensberg Mountains. One of the most rugged and wild parts of South Africa, it is known for its jaw-dropping peaks, buttes and death-defying drops. Meaning ‘Dragons’ Mountains’ in Afrikaans, the absolutely enormous escarpment stretches over a thousand kilometers in length. As well as encircling the central South African plateau, it forms the border with the landlocked Kingdom of Lesotho. Countless trails crisscross its steep slopes and sweeping valleys. Some of the most popular places to head are the awe-inspiring Amphitheater cliffs and Cascades series of waterfalls. The ginormous mountain range is also home to Tugela Falls which is impressively the second-highest waterfall in the world. Its dramatic 947 meter drop and all the stunning views make the arduous hike more than worth it. Table Mountain One of the most recognizable landmarks in South Africa, the marvelous Table Mountain towers over Cape Town and its coastline. Famed for its distinctive flat-topped plateau, it offers up some great hiking, rock climbing and wildlife viewing. The panoramas from its summit are also out of this world. Now protected as a national park, its prominent plateau is flanked by the equally arresting Devil’s Peak and Lion’s Head. Together with Signal Hill, they form the colossal City Bowl which creates a breathtaking backdrop to the coastal city. Getting the cableway down is an even more memorable experience. As it actually rotates, you enjoy unrivaled views over Cape Town, Table Bay and even Robben Island in the distance. Although it descends over a thousand meters to the city below, the ride only lasts five minutes in total. Kruger National Park Another of South Africa’s most popular attractions is the incredible Kruger National Park in the very northeast of the country. Its confines contain a staggering number of animals with the Big 5 regularly sighted amidst its scenic savanna, woods and grasslands. Now one of Africa’s largest game reserves, it was established in 1926 with Zimbabwe and Mozambique both bordering the park. It encompasses fourteen different ecozones, each of which have their own fauna, flora and landscapes for you to explore. On unforgettable hikes and safaris, you are almost sure to spot some of the thousands of lions, leopards, elephants and rhinos that inhabit its territory. Crocodiles and hippos can also be seen in its reflective lakes and rushing rivers. Dozens of camps are dotted about the park should you want to stay even longer. BACK TO THE TOP OF THE PAGE

< Back An African lion is the largest predator on land. Preys of the lion include zebra, impala, giraffes, and other herbivores like wildebeest. A group of lions is called a pride and males are easily distinguished from females because of their large manes. The darker the lion's manes, the older he is. A male lion is sometimes referred to as the king, but in reality, lions don't have a permanent social hierarchy. The dominant male in a lion pride can change at any time. The females hold the territory and stay with the pride in which they were born. They also do most of the hunting and take care of the cubs. Lions use their roar as a form of communication and can be heard up to 5 miles away. Previous Next BACK TO THE TOP OF THE PAGE

THE GREAT TREK SOUTH AFRICA The Great Trek was a significant event in South African history that took place in the 1830s. It involved the migration of thousands of Boers, or Afrikaans-speaking farmers, from the British-controlled Cape Colony to the interior of the country. The reasons for the trek were complex, but included dissatisfaction with British rule, a desire for greater independence, and a search for new land to farm. The Great Trek had a profound impact on South African history, shaping the country's politics, culture, and society in important ways. Intro Great Trek 1835-1846 … TheGreatTrek was a movement of Dutch-speaking colonists up into the interior of southern Africa in search of land where they could establish their own homeland, independent of British rule. … December 16 and the Construction of Afrikaner Nationalism … The date, December 16, holds a special significance in South African history. On this day in 1838, the Voortrekkers fought a … abolition of slavery that sparked a unique event that would transform the former Dutch colonists into a new ‘volk’ – theGreatTrek ). The British outlawed slavery in 1834. Without slaves, the burghers could not survive as farmers, and the Dutch Cape … Louis Botha … Louis Botha was born near Greytown in Natal in 1862. He was the son of Voortrekker parents and was brought up on a farm in the Free State, and was educated at the local German mission … included both British and Dutch. Botha was a leading figure in the Paris Peace Conference at the end of World War I. A great man of action, he was renowned for his simplicity, humanity, quick wit and good nature. He was endowed with natural … of his descendants signed themselves as 'Both' and 'Boota'. His paternal grandfather Philip Rudolf took part in theGreatTrek. Louis, the ninth among thirteen children, was born near Greytown in the Colony of Natal on 27 September 1862. The … Deployment of Racism in South Africa by Rooha Variava … Contents Chapter 1: Theoretical Debates and Methodological Controversies Chapter 2: Questions Method Chapter 3: The Constitution of Black as ‘Other’ Chapter 4: The Black as Uncivilized Chapter 5: The Management of Blacks Chapter 6: The … or 'total' history situates events into grand explanatory systems and linear processes, celebrating individuals and great movements, seeking to record a specific point of origin for a particular historical process, whereas genealogical … I should wish that the Hottentots be given no rights, because otherwise we shall be obliged to leave our property and to trek as well. 83 The Afrikaner wanted to retain control over blacks without let or hindrance from outside. The Great Trek in South Africa between 1835 and 1840 The Great Trek in South Africa started in 1835 when over a time span of three years more then 12,000 Boers (farmers) left the Cape Colony. They trekked (moved) into the interior by ox wagon, in search of land where they would be free and beyond British control. In time, after facing many hardships, these farmers started to build a unique identity and started calling themselves "Afrikaners". They also developed a hybrid language, Afrikaans, which stemmed from high Dutch but incorporated strong French, Malay, German and Black influences. The Afrikaans-speaking descendants of these people would later simply be called "Boere" (Farmers) Causes of The Great Trek,... One of the most important causes of the Great Trek in South Africa was the unrest on the eastern border. The government was unable to segregate the Xhosas from the whites and the two groups kept on clashing. The Xhosas stole the white farmers’ cattle and the farmers occupied territory that had traditionally belonged to the Xhosa. Not even the establishment of neutral territory could keep the parties from becoming involved in battles with each other. Some governors did more than others to protect the frontier farmers but there was nevertheless a significant number of wars on the eastern frontier. During the sixth eastern frontier war, farmers lost livestock to the value of R600 000. Vagrant Hottentots also plundered the farms. Conditions deteriorated badly after the institution of Ordinance 50 of 1828, which cancelled the pass laws. In 1834, when the slaves were freed, the situation worsened even further, as many of them had no option but to steal to make a living. The freeing of the slaves also meant financial loss for the farmers and this added to their dissatisfaction. Sketch of a 17th century farm house in the cape colony The Great Trek in South Africa The Dutch-speaking people also felt that their identity was being threatened. A series of laws proclaimed between 1823 and 1828 enabled the government to substitute the official use of Dutch with English. When the magistrates and councils were also abolished, the colonists no longer had any say in the government and their desire for self-government increased. Leaders of The Great Trek,... Trichardt and Van Rensburg Andries Hendrik Potgieter Gerrit Maritz Piet Retief Piet Uys Trichardt and Van Rensburg,... The Great Trek in South Africa started with Louis Trichardt and Hans van Rensburg leading the first groups to leave the Colony. There were 53 people in Trichardt’s group and they crossed the Orange River in 1835 on their way to the Soutpansberg. Hans van Rensburg also left the colony at the same time with his group of followers but his aim was to move to Mozambique. The Van Rensburg party was subsequently massacred near the Limpopo River. Louis Trichardt moved on to the area where the town of Louis Trichardt is situated today. He waited for some time for Potgieter’s trek to meet up with them but eventually became impatient and moved on to Lourenco Marques (present day Maputo). By the time Trichardt reached Maputo, on 13 April 1838, many of his cattle had been killed by tsetse flies and nearly half of his group had died of malaria. Sketch of a Voortrekker with his wagon encampment in the background The Great Trek in South Africa Andries Hendrik Potgieter,... Potgieter left the Cape Colony towards the end of 1835 with 200 people. They also wanted to go to Lourenco Marques for trading purposes, but they did not get that far. They were attacked by an army of 1 000 men sent by Mzilikazi. A few of the Voortrekkers were killed and Potgieter left his trek temporarily to meet up with Louis Trichardt. On his return, he instructed his people to form a laager (circle of ox wagons) as a defence strategy against the black armies. Two months later, all their cattle were stolen during another attack at Vegkop. Moroka (chief of the Barolong) and Gerrit Maritz helped Potgieter’s group to get back to Thaba Nchu. Gerrit Maritz,... Gerrit Maritz, also joining the Great Trek in South Africa, left for Thaba Nchu with 700 people. When they arrived in November 1836, they held a mass meeting with the Voortrekkers who had already arrived. Maritz was elected as the president of a council of 7 members who were to look after the interests of the Voortrekkers. Potgieter was elected the military leader. One of the first decisions of the council was to send an expedition out to recapture their cattle from Mzilikazi. Encampment of a Voortrekker family The Great Trek in South Africa Piet Retief,.. . Piet Retief was the commandant of the Winterberg ward in the district of Albany. He was also a farmer, building contractor and speculator and had sufficient money to finance a venture into the interior. Before he left, he published a manifesto in the Grahamstown Journal in which he explained his reasons to join the Great Trek in South Africa. He left the Cape in March 1837, together with 400 people. When he joined the Voortrekkers in the Free State, they numbered more or less 5 000. Retief was elected governor and military leader at a convention held at Winburg. At the same convention Maritz was elected chairman of the Political Council. Piet Uys,... Piet Uys and his followers were the last to leave the Cape as part of a big organised trek. These 100 odd men, women and children departed from the district of Uitenhage in April 1837. They arrived in the Free State in August of the same year. The Voortrekkers in Zululand and Natal,... 1938 photograph of a column of ox wagons in commemoration of the Great Trek in South Africa The Voortrekkers had opposing views about the direction the trek should take. Potgieter felt it best to remain in Transvaal, since Britain might annex Natal, which would mean that the Voortrekkers would once again be under British rule. Maritz, Cilliers and Retief did not share his fears and decided to move to Natal. Piet Uys was not quite sure where his trek should be heading. When the Voortrekkers arrived in Natal, one of the favourite destinations during the Great trek in South Africa, the greater part of Natal was under the control of Dingane. Retief attempted to buy land from Dingane who promised to sell it if the Voortrekkers agreed to recover the cattle which had been stolen by Sikonyela. When Retief and his people brought back the stolen cattle, they signed a contract with Dingane. Later that day, however, Dingane’s people killed 67 of the Voortrekkers, including Retief. Dingane’s soldiers then went to the laagers (camps) of the Voortrekkers and killed many more, including women and children. The Zulus also drove off the bulk of the Voortrekkers' cattle. Portrait of Voortrekker leader Andries Pretorius The Great Trek in South Africa In April 1838, Uys and Potgieter retaliated by launching a counterattack against the Zulus. They were defeated by the Zulus at Italeni. The Zulus attacked again on 13 August and in December 1838, the last remaining Voortrekker leader, Maritz, died. As the Voortrekkers needed a new leader, they sent for Andries Pretorius. Pretorius acted as their leader in the Battle of Blood River on 16 December 1838 when they defeated the Dingane’s Zulu army. Dingane fled, after setting fire to his kraal. At Kwa Maritane, the skeletons of Retief and his men were found, together with a satchel containing the treaty between Dingane and the Voortrekkers. The Voortrekkers were now the owners of the land between the Drakensberg Mountains, from the Tugela River to the Umzimvubu River and the sea. Dingane was finally defeated by Mpande who became the new paramount chief of the Zulus. The Voortrekkers now felt safer and on 14 February 1840, Andries Pretorius proclaimed Natal a Voortrekker Republic, the Republic of Natal. They formed a government and Pietermaritzburg was chosen as the new capital. The Republic of Natal existed for only 5 years until the governor of the Cape, Sir George Napier, sent Sir Harry Smith and his men to annex Natal. A struggle followed, during which the British suffered a number of casualties and lost two of their cannon. Dick King (a legend in the history of the Great Trek in South Africa) escaped on horseback, and astonishingly, it took him only six days to reach Grahamstown. The British sent reinforcements and the Voortrekkers were forced to retreat to Pietermaritzburg. On 12 May 1843, Natal became a British colony and most of the Voortrekkers chose to return to the Free State and the Transvaal. The Voortrekkers in the Transvaal,... Voortrekker family settling down on their new land The Great Trek in South Africa After being attacked by Chief Mzilikazi and his Matabele army, the Voortrekkers in the Transvaal moved back to Thaba Nchu under the leadership of Andries Potgieter. In two attacks against Mzilikazi, one a counter-attack and the second a precautionary attack, the Matabele were defeated and Potgieter and his followers thought it safe to remain in Transvaal. Soon after, Potgieter gave in to pressure and moved to Natal, but soon returned to the Transvaal where he founded the town of Potchefstroom. He proclaimed the district as the Republic of Winburg-Potchefstroom. From here, the Voortrekkers moved to Marico and Rustenburg. Potgieter and his people wanted to move as far away from the Cape as possible and in the process, other towns such as Ohrigstad and Lydenburg were founded. Conflict arose between Potgieter and another group and Potgieter moved even further north and founded the town of Schoemansdal. Some of the Voortrekkers who had fled to northern Natal after the British occupation, asked to be incorporated into the ZAR (the South African Republic) as the Transvaal had been named. In order to do this, the land on which the town of Utrecht was founded, had to be bought from Zulu king Mpande. Britain did not recognise the independence of Transvaal, but made no attempt at annexation. The reason for its inactivity was the hostile attitude of certain black tribes towards Britain and also the fact that war was looming in Europe. On 17 January 1852, the Sand River Convention was signed between Britain and the Transvaal Republic. It was the first time that Britain had acknowledged the independence of a Voortrekker Republic. The Voortrekkers in the Orange Free State,... The Voortrekker monument in Pretoria in commemoration of the Voortrekkers The Great Trek in South Africa Long before the Great Trek in South Africa started, the "Trek Boers" had already moved into the area that would come to be known as the Free State, as early as the 17th and 18th centuries. At the start of the 19th century there were already different groups present in the area. Some of these groups were the Basotho (under leadership of Moshweshwe, the Griqua (under Adam Kok), the Batlokwa, the Bataung and the Barolong. The area that became known as Trans Orangia was situated between the Orange and the Vet Rivers. Many of the Trek boers settled in the Phillippolis area, where Adam Kok rented land to them. The Trek boers considered themselves British subjects but, when the Voortrekkers passed through the area, some Trek boers joined them while others chose to remain. When the Potgieter trek arrived at Thaba Nchu in 1836, Potgieter made an arrangement with Makwana, chief of the Bataung, that, in exchange for cattle and protection against Mzilikazi, Potgieter would be given land in an area between the Vet and Vaal Rivers. This area became known as Winburg. When Retief arrived, it was decided that the Trekkers should move to Natal. Potgieter eventually agreed, but he moved back to Winburg after his defeat at Italeni by Dingane. He later also founded Potchefstroom, a town next to the Mooi River. Potgieter linked the towns of Winburg and Potchefstroom by declaring the Winburg Potchefstroom Republic. The Vet River divided the area between the Vaal River and the Orange River. The southern part became known as Trans-Orangia and the Northern area formed part of the Winburg - Potchefstroom Republic. The Voortrekkers had to travel across wild country, negotiating rivers, mountains and gorges The Great Trek in South Africa The Vet River divided the area between the Vaal River and the Orange River. The southern part became known as Trans-Orangia and the Northern area formed part of the Winburg - Potchefstroom Republic. Jan Mocke and Jan Kok were the leaders of the Voortrekkers who lived in the vicinity of the Vet River. After the annexation of Natal, their numbers increased because many people who were not prepared to submit to British rule moved back to the area. In Trans-Orangia, however, the Trek boers, under the leadership of Machiel Oberholzer, wished to remain under British authority. Oberholzer therefore informed the judge at Colesberg of the plans of the upper region to establish a republic. Without consulting the British government, the judge immediately annexed the area but the British government would not ratify the annexation. When Sir Harry Smith became governor of the Cape Colony in 1847 long after the Great Trek in South Africa had fizzled out, he wanted to annex the territory as far as the Vaal River. He informed the British government that the majority of the people living in the area strongly supported such an annexation, which was not true. Typical Voortrekker wagon on display at the Voortrekker monument museum The Great Trek in South Africa However, Smith went ahead and annexed the area up to the Vaal River and called it the Orange River Sovereignty. The citizens of Winburg revolted but were defeated at Boomplaats by Smith’s soldiers. Potgieter was outlawed and magistrates were appointed in the districts of Bloemfontein, Winburg and the Vaal River. The Battle of Boomplaats disturbed the British government because it cost a lot of money and proved that many of the inhabitants were opposed to the annexation. The Basotho under Moshweshwe were one of the dissatisfied groups and in 1854 they defeated a British armed force sent to punish them for their raids. The British government was of the opinion that since the independence of Transvaal had been recognised in 1852, there was no reason why the same could not be done for the Orange Free State. When the Basotho defeated another British force in the area of Berea, Britain decided to officially recognise the Republic of the Orange Free State. On 23 February 1854, the Bloemfontein Convention was signed and the area between the Vaal and Orange Rivers officially became the Republic of the Orange Free State. With the Independence of the republics Transvaal and Free State, the Voortrekkers saw their dreams come true. Dreams of freedom, independence and self-government that had moved them to embark upon the Great trek in south Africa. SHORT INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE GREAT TREK Introduction The Great Trek was a very important event in the history of South Africa. It came about because of disagreements between British and Afrikaner settlers in the colony known as the Cape Colony. As a result of the disagreements, many Afrikaner farmers moved away from the Cape Colony and established their own colonies. This was a first step in establishing their independence from Britain and forming their own country. The farmers would later be called Voortrekkers, or “early migrants.” Background In the 1830s, Afrikaner farmers in the eastern part of the Cape Colony (now Eastern Cape) were unhappy. They were descendants of Dutch settlers who had first landed in the area in 1652. The British had taken over the colony in the early 1800s, and the Afrikaners did not like the change. They were also unhappy about cattle theft by the Xhosa, a group of people who lived nearby. Journey to Independence The Great Trek began in 1835. More than 10,000 farmers left the Cape Colony. They took about 10,000 black workers and large herds of cattle with them. The farmers mostly traveled by horse and ox wagon. They were armed with muzzle-loading guns. The most well-known leaders were Piet Retief, Gerrit Maritz, and Andries Pretorius. There were many battles between the Voortrekkers and black tribes during the Great Trek. The main tribes were the Ndebele (beyond the Vaal River) and the Zulu tribes in Natal (now KwaZulu-Natal). The Zulu king Dingane had Piet Retief and his men killed. Later, other Voortrekkers were also killed by the Zulus. The Voortrekkers recovered from those setbacks. The most famous battle between the Voortrekkers and the Zulu took place on December 16, 1838. In what became known as the Battle of Blood River, more than 3,000 Zulu warriors were killed. The Voortrekkers eventually defeated the Ndebele and the Zulus. Then they were able to set up their own republics, or places where they could live and make their own laws. But their republics were taken over by Britain. Their battles ended only when the Voortrekker republics in the Orange Free State and Transvaal were recognized as independent states by Britain in the 1850s. That meant that the Voortrekkers were free to establish their own governments in those places. Andries Pretorius was a leader of the Boers of southern Africa. Pretorius helped to gain independence for the Transvaal, a Boer republic. The city of Pretoria, South Africa,... Piet Retief was one of the leaders of the Boers during the Great Trek in the 1830s. The Boers were mostly descendants of early Dutch settlers. They undertook the Great Trek... A long journey to a new home is called a migration. Migrating animals generally go back and forth between summer and winter homes. When people migrate, however, they often... Voortrekkers were a group of European settlers in what is now South Africa. The word Voortrekkers means “those who trek ahead.” They were called Voortrekkers because they... South Africa is the southernmost country on the continent of Africa. It has three capital cities: Pretoria (Tshwane), Cape Town, and Bloemfontein. They each are home to a... Dingane was one of the most famous kings of the Zulu people of South Africa. He was king of the Zulus from 1828 to 1840. Dingane was born in about 1795. He was the son of... World War II started in 1939. By the time it ended in 1945, the war involved nearly every part of the world. The two sides that fought the war were called the Axis powers and... The Cape Frontier Wars were a series of wars between European colonists and the Xhosa people of southern Africa. Nine wars took place between 1779 and 1878. They were fought... The Battle of Blood River took place on December 16, 1838, in what is now South Africa. On that day a group of European settlers called Voortrekkers defeated an army of Zulu... The countries that won World War I (1914–18) set up an organization called the League of Nations. They wanted the League to be a place where countries could settle... Jacob Zuma is a politician who served as the president of South Africa from 2009 to 2018. He also served as president of his party, the African National Congress (ANC). Early... In the South African War (also called the Boer War or the Second Boer War), British and Boer forces fought for control of what is now South Africa. The war lasted from 1899... Nelson Mandela spent almost 30 years in prison for fighting against apartheid in South Africa. Apartheid was a government policy that separated people of different races.... About one third of the world’s population lives in the member countries of the Commonwealth, or Commonwealth of Nations. The organization was formerly known as the British... The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was created in South Africa in 1995, after the end of apartheid. It was established by the country’s parliament. The main task... Jan Smuts was a South African soldier, politician, and prime minister. He was also a scholar and naturalist. During the Anglo-Boer War he fought against the British forces in... The Soweto Uprising of 1976 was a major protest against apartheid in South Africa. It began as a march by black schoolchildren. The students were unhappy because schools in... The metal gold has been considered valuable for centuries. At times people have discovered places where gold can be dug out of the ground. This has created a gold rush, when... Desmond Tutu was a religious leader in South Africa. His protests helped to bring an end to South Africa’s apartheid laws. Apartheid was a system that kept blacks separate... Thabo Mbeki is a South African politician. He served as president of South Africa from 1999 to 2008. He was also president of the African National Congress (ANC) for two... Mangosuthu Buthelezi Mangosuthu Buthelezi was a South African politician. He was the leader of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP). He was also a Zulu chief and a prince in the Zulu royal family.... The Anglo-Zulu War, or Zulu War, was fought between Great Britain and the Zulu people of southern Africa in 1879. The British won the war. Their victory allowed them to take... F.W. de Klerk was the president of South Africa from 1989 to 1994. He helped to end apartheid and to make South Africa a democratic country in which people of all races are... Steve Biko was a founder of the Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa. The movement encouraged black South Africans to be proud of their culture and to stand up for... Kgalema Motlanthe is a South African politician. He served as president of South Africa during 2008–09. He was named deputy president of South Africa in 2009. Motlanthe was... Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd H.F. Verwoerd was a South African professor and politician. He served as prime minister of South Africa from 1958 to 1966. He also helped create the policy of apartheid.... BACK TO THE TOP OF THE PAGE

General De la Rey General De la Rey releases General Lord Methuen after his wounds are treated 8 March 1902 References South African History Online, ‘Anglo-Boer War 2: Gen. De la Rey defeats and captures Gen. Methuen in the Battle of Tweebosch (or De Klipdrift) in Western Tran’ , [online] available at www.sahistory.org.za (Accessed: 13 February 2013)| Boddy-Evans, A. ‘This Day in African History: 8 March’ , from About African History, [online], available at africanhistory.about.com (Accessed: 13 February 2013)| Melrose House, ‘The Guerrilla War, Part 3’ , [online], available at www.melrosehouse.co.za (Accessed: 13 February 2013) Towards the end of the Second South African War (Anglo-Boer War 2), General De La Rey released General Lord Methuen after his wounds were treated. After only travelling 29 kilometres Methuen's party was once again taken - De La Rey had been forced to reverse his decision by the burghers of his Commando. General Methuen was defeated and captured by General De La Rey on 7 March 1902 in the Battle of Tweebosch (or De Klipdrift), Western Transvaal. This was the last important battle won by the Boer forces. Methuen and more than 870 soldiers were captured. General De la Rey protests British mistreatment of women and children 16 August 1901 References Wessels. A.c., "General De la Rey protests British mistreatment of women and children ",from women24,[Online], available at blogs.women24.com [Accessed: 14 August 2013]| Anglo-Boer War. [online] Available at: angloboerwar.com [Accessed 4 August 2009] The Anglo-Boer War broke out in 1899 and was the result of the British annexation of the Transvaal, soon after gold had been discovered in the region in 1886. The Boers made use of guerrilla tactics by sabotaging British supply wagons, while the British responded by burning down the farms that the Boers received their supplies from. This was known as the scorched earth policy and resulted in the destruction of over 30 000 Boer farm houses. Boer women and children, as well as their black servants, were taken to concentration camps, where they were met with appalling conditions, malnutrition, diseases and in many instances, death. The scorched earth policy had been implemented by March 1901. On 16 August 1901, De la Rey, a Boer general, had protested against the inhumane conditions to which women and children in the camps were being exposed. This cause was taken up by Emily Hobhouse, who campaigned for the closure of concentration camps and collected clothing, supplies and money to support Boer families at the end of the war. Around 26 000 Boer women and children, as well as 15 000 black people, died in concentration camps during the course of the Anglo-Boer War. The Treaty of Vereeniging, signed in May 1902, brought the closure of the concentration camps and an end to the inhumane treatment of Boer women and children at the hands of the British. Related: The Rise of Afrikaner Nationalism Anglo-Boer War 2: The Battle of Enslin or Graspan takes place, with the burghers under General De la Rey and Commandant Lubbe Anglo-Boer War 2 -ZAR General De la Rey arrests ex-General Schoeman on his farm near Pretoria for refusing to obey an order to General De la Rey protests the British mistreatment of women and children. National Party (NP) The first leader of the National Party (NP) became Prime Minister as part of the PACT government in 1924. The NP was the governing party of South Africa from 1948 until 1994, and was disbanded in 2005. Its policies included apartheid, the establishment of a South African Republic, and the promotion of Afrikaner culture. NP members were sometimes known as ‘Nationalists’ or ‘Nats’. The feature includes a history of the National party, broken down into sections, according to significant periods of the NP’s history. An archive section listing and linking to relevant speeches, articles, documents and interviews. Featured is also a people section that lists all of the key figures and members of the NP, with links to their relevant biographies. A history of the National Party Founding and ideology (1910-1914) In 1910 the Union of South Africa was established, and the previously separate colonies of the Cape, Natal, Transvaal and the Orange Free State became provinces in the Union. However, the union was established with dominion status, which effectively meant that South Africa was no longer a colony, but it was not independent and could not leave the empire or ignore the monarchy. After the 1910 elections Louis Botha became the first prime minister of the Union, and headed the South African Party (SAP) - an amalgam of Afrikaner parties that advocated close cooperation between Afrikaners and persons of British descent. The founder of the NP, General JBM Hertzog, was a member of the Union Government, and was fiercely and publicly nationalistic. This offended English-speaking South Africans and stood in opposition to Botha’s policies of national unity. However, many Afrikaans people saw Hertzog as their representative and many important Afrikaans political and cultural leaders supported him- particularly people from the Orange Free State and the Cape. Hertzog often publicly disagreed with the opinions of his fellow leaders of the SAP, in particular, those of Prime Minister Louis Botha and General Jan Smuts. He promoted South Africa’s interests above Britain’s and saw English and Afrikaans South Africans developing in two parallel, but separate, cultural streams. Some enthusiastic supporters of the British Empire’s presence in South Africa described him as anti-British, and called for his removal from government. Some even decided to resign rather than work with him- while he refused to leave his position. In May 1913, his Orange Free State supporters in the SAP insisted on his inclusion in the cabinet at the SAP Free State Congress, while the Transvaal members who supported Botha thought he should be excluded. At the national SAP Congress in November 1913, in Cape Town, Botha won enough support to keep Hertzog out of the cabinet. This was the last straw for Hertzog and he left the SAP to form the National Party. From 1 to 9 January 1914, Hertzog’s supporters met in Bloemfontein to form the National Party, and to lay down its principles. The main aim was to direct the people’s ambitions and beliefs along Christian lines towards an independent South Africa. Political freedom from Britain was essential to the NP, but the party was prepared to maintain the current relationship with the Empire. They also insisted on equality of the two official languages, English and Dutch. Since Hertzog’s policies were orientated towards Afrikaner nationalism, most of his supporters were Afrikaans people. On 1 July 1914 the National Party of the Orange Free State was born and on 26 August the Transvaal followed. The Cape National Party was founded on 9 June 1915. The NP did not have a regular mouthpiece to promote its policies and campaigns like the SAP’s Ons Land newspaper in Cape Town and De Volkstem in Pretoria. Die Burger newspaper was therefore created in the Cape on 26 July 1915 for this specific purpose, with D. F. Malan as editor. The National Party strengthens (1914-1923) Most Afrikaners were against South African participation in World War 1 on the side of the British. Therefore, when South Africa was asked to invade German South West Africa (SWA) in August 1914 there was opposition from the ranks of the newly formed National Party (NP), and even from some who were part of the South African government. At their August congress the opposed invasion, and on 15 August there was a republican demonstration in Lichtenburg. Besides these protest efforts, it was agreed that South West Africa should be invaded. The economic depression after the war and dissatisfaction from Black South Africans and other extra-parliamentary groups made the SAP's rule more difficult. The main reason for black anger was Smuts' acceptance of the Stallard report that stated: ”It should be a recognised principle that natives (men, women and children) should only be permitted within municipal areas in so far and for as long as their presence is demanded by the wants of the white population. The masterless native in urban areas is a source of danger and a cause of degradation of both black and white. If the native is to be regarded as a permanent element in municipal areas there can be no justification for basing his exclusion from the franchise on the simple ground of colour.” (This report later led to the passing of the Natives (Urban Areas) Act no 21 of 1923). The Afrikaner opposition to WW1 proved to strengthen the, particularly after the death of General De la Rey (Afrikaners blamed Smuts and Botha). The death of General Louis Botha in 1919 pushed away more of the SAP supporters, and by the end of the Great War many of the SAP’s supporters had left the party and joined the. In the 1920 elections it became clear that the SAP would need the cooperation to form a combined cabinet, in order to maintain political stability. Members of both parties met at Robertson on 26 and 27 May 1920, and made a potential agreement. On 22 September the two parties met again, but they could not finalize an agreement. The main point of disagreement concerned South Africa’s relationship with Britain - Hertzog wanted independence, while Smuts was happy with the situation as it was. The Rand Rebellion of 1922 further strengthened the popularity, as it led to cooperation between the and the Labour Party (LP). The Rebellion was the result of severe labour unrest that had been simmering for some time. Both parties wanted to protect White labour, and decided to make a pact in April 1923 that would ensure that they would not oppose each other in the elections, and would support each other’s candidates in certain areas. This Pact resulted in the defeat of the SAP in the 27 June 1924 general elections. Afrikaans then became an official language and the country got a new flag. The Pact Government (1924-1938) After the Pact Government's 1924 election victory, South Africa had a new government. Hertzog was Prime Minister and also Minister of Native Affairs. His chief assistants were Tielman Roos (the leader of the National Party in the Transvaal), who was Deputy Prime Minister, and Minister of Justice. Dr D. F. Malan , who was the leader of the NP in the Cape, and became Minister of the Interior, Public Health and Education. Hertzog's close confidant, N. C. Havenga of the Orange Free State was made Minister of Finance. To express his gratitude to the Labour Party (for their help in getting him into power) Hertzog included two English-speaking Labour Party men in his cabinet, namely Colonel F. H. P. Creswell, as Minister of Defence, and T. Boydell, as Minister of Public Works, Posts and Telegraphs. The Hertzog government curtailed the electoral power of non-Whites, and furthered the system of allocating “reserved” areas for Blacks as their permanent homes- while regulating their movements in the remainder of the country. In 1926 South Africa’s position in relation to Britain was made clear in the Balfour Declaration, drawn up at the Imperial Conference of the same year. The Declaration became a law in 1931 with the Statute of Westminster, and the Pact Government’s greatest progress was made in industrial legislation and economy. Its protection of White workers and strict control over industry removed all problems in mines and factories, and these industries grew enormously . The Pact Government managed to keep the white voters happy, and five years later in the 1929 election, they were able to win again - therefore securing a second term, from 1929 to 1934. After the 1929 election Hertzog still gave his Pact partner, the LP, some representation in the new cabinet - with Colonel F. H. P. Creswell keeping the portfolios of Defence and Labour, while H. W. Sampson was named Minister of Posts and Telegraphs. The rest of the cabinet was made up of NP members, who gradually laid more and more stress on republican independence and Afrikaner identity. The Great Depression, from 1930 to 1933, made the government’s rule difficult. Britain left the gold standard on 21 September 1931, and Tielman Roos returned to politics in 1932 to oppose Hertzog in his position to retain the gold standard. His campaign was successful and the government met their demand. Over time, the difference between the NP and SAP became smaller, and in 1933 the two parties merged to form a coalition government. The two parties were named the United Party (UP) in 1934, but D. F. Malan and his Cape NP refused to join. He remained independent to form the new opposition, which was called the Purified National Party (PNP). The outbreak of World War II in 1939 caused an internal split in the UP. Hertzog wanted to remain neutral in the war and by winning a crucial vote in parliament (September 1939), Smuts became prime minister again and brought South Africa into the war on the British (Allied) side. Hertzog then returned to the NP, which was reformed as the Herenigde Nasionale Party (HNP) [Reformed National Party] on 29 Jan 1940. Hertzog was the party’s leader, with Malan as his deputy. NP Ascendancy and Apartheid (1939-1950s) The split decision in 1939 to take South Africa into the war, and the disruption the war effort, caused Afrikaners to be seriously alienated from the UP. By 1948 there was growing irritation with wartime restrictions that were still in place, and living costs had increased sharply. White farmers in the northern provinces were particularly unhappy that Black labourers were leaving farms and moving to the cities, and therefore demanded the strict application of pass laws. In the election of 26 May 1948, D.F. Malan's National Party, in alliance with N.C. Havenga's Afrikaner Party, won with a razor-thin majority of five seats and only 40% of the overall electoral vote. The alliance was formed during the war from General Hertzog's core support Malan said after the election: “Today South Africa belongs to us once more. South Africa is our own for the first time since Union, and may God grant that it will always remain our own.” When Malan said that South Africa “belonged” to the Afrikaners he did not have the white-black struggle in mind, but rather the rivalry between the Afrikaner and the English community. After the 1948 election, The NP that came to power was effectively two parties rolled into one. The one was a party for white supremacy that introduced apartheid and promised the electorate that it would secure the political future of whites; the other was a nationalist party that sought to mobilise the Afrikaner community by appealing to Afrikaans culture i.e. their beliefs, prejudices and moral convictions- establishing a sense of common history, and shared hopes and fears for the future. Immediately after the 1948 election, the government began to remove any remaining symbols of the historic British ascendancy. It abolished British citizenship and the right of appeal to the Privy Council (1950). It scrapped God Save the Queen as one of the naÂtional anthems, removed the Union Jack as one of the national ensigns (1957) and took over the naval base in Simon's Town from the Royal Navy (1957). The removal of these symbols of dual citizenship was seen as a victory for Afrikaner nationalism. The NP's advance was the story of a people on the move, filled with enthusiasm about the 'Afrikaner cause'- putting their imprint on the state, defining its symbols, and giving their schools and universities a pronounced Afrikaans character. Political power steadily enhanced their social self-confidence. In the world of big business Rembrandt, Sanlam, Volkskas and other Afrikaner enterprises soon began to earn the respect of their English rivals. However, apartheid policy steadily marginalised ethnic groups, and undermined their culture of and pride in their achievements. For others it seemed as if the Afrikaners were obsessed with fears about their own survival, and did not care about the damage and the hurt that apartheid inflicted upon others in a far weaker position. The novelist Alan Paton made this comment about Afrikaner nationalism: “It is one of the deep mysteries of Afrikaner nationalist psychology that a Nationalist can observe the highest standards toÂwards his own kind, but can observe an entirely different standard towards others, and more especially if they are not White.” Malan was prime minister from 1948 to 1954, and was directly succeeded by J.G. Strijdom as leader and prime minister. This signalled the new dominance of the Transvaal in the NP caucus. Later, in the 1958 election, the NP won 103 seats and the UP just 53, with H. F. Verwoerd elected as the new Prime Minister. The elected government greatly strengthened white control of the country, and apartheid rested on several bases. The most important were the restriction of all power to Whites, racial classification and racial sex laws. Laws also allocated group areas for each raÂcial community, segregated schools and universities, and eliminated integrated public facilities and sport. Whites were protected in the labour market, and a system of influx control that stemmed from Black urbanization lead to the creation of designated 'homelands' for Blacks. This was the basis for preventing them from demanding rights in the common area (timeline of Apartheid legislation ). Black South Africans had long protested their inferior treatment through organizations such as the African National Congress (ANC; founded in 1912) and the Industrial and Commercial Workers Union of Africa (founded 1919 by Clements Kadalie ). In the 1950s and early 1960s there were various protests against the National Party's policies, involving passive resistance and the burning of passbooks. In 1960, a peaceful anti- pass law protest in Sharpeville (near Johannesburg) ended when police opened fire, massacring 70 protesters and wounding about 190 others. This protest was organized by the Pan-Africanist Congress (an offshoot of the ANC). In the 1960s most leaders (including ANC leaders Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu ) who opposed apartheid were either in jail or living in exile, while the government proceeded with its plans to segregate blacks on a more permanent basis. (Liberation Struggle in the 1960s). What the 1948 government meant to the English-speaking White population? While retaining their economic dominance, English-speakers continued to hold the key to future domestic fixed investment, and to foreign fixed investment. By 1948 the per capita income of English-speakers was more than double that of Afrikaners, and their level of eduÂcation was much higher. They also identified with a culture that was vastly richer and more diverse than Afrikaans culture. After the 1948 election the English community in South Africa found itself in the political wilderness. Patrick Duncan , son of a South African governor-general, wrote: “English South Africans are today in the power of their adversaries. They are the only English group of any size in the world today that is, and will remain for some time, a ruled, subordinated minority. They are beginning to know what the great majority of all South Africans have always known - what it is to be second-class citizens in the land of one's birth.” For English-speaking business leaders, the NP victory came as a major shock, as the Smuts government had been ideal for English business. After 1948, English business leaders contributed substantially to the United South African Trust Fund that funded the UP- with a view to unseating the NP government. Ernest Oppenheimer , the magnate controlling the giant conglomerate Anglo American Corporation, was the main donor. However, business was hardly liberal, and this fund refused to back the Liberal Party that Alan Paton had helped to form after the 1953 election - which propagated a programme of a multi-racial democracy based on universal franchise. By the mid-1950s, English business leaders were beginning to accept the status quo, and were working with the government. Manufacturers enthusiastically welcomed the government's policy of promoting growth and boosting import substitution through protection. Mining magnates reaped the benefits of a very cheap, docile labour force, while blaming the government for the system. International reactions to the results of the 1948 election and the introduction of apartheid The result of the 1948 election dismayed Britain, South Africa's principal foreign investor and trading partner. But with the shadow of the Cold War falling over the world, the priority for Western governments was to prevent South Africa, with its minerals and strategic location, from falling under communist influence. The British Labour government under Clement Attlee concluded that this aspect was more important than its revulsion for apartheid. He would soon offer South Africa access to the intelligence secrets of Britain and the United States. In the southern states of America, segregation still held sway. A survey in 1942 found that only 2% of whites favoured school integration, only 12% residential integration, and only one-fifth thought the intelligence of blacks was on the same level as that of whites. Even among northern whites only 30-40% supported racial integration. The West did not insist on a popular democracy in South Africa, arguing that such a system was impossible for the time being. During the 1950s it was not uncommon for Western leaders to express racist views. In 1951 Herbert Morrison, foreign secretary in the British Labour government, regarded independence for African colonies as comparÂable to “giving a child often a latch-key, a bank account and a shotgun”. Still, the defeat of Nazi Germany and the horror of the Holocaust had discredited racial ideologies, and speeded up pressure for racial integration, particularly in the United States. The granting of independence to India in 1947 was a major turning point in world history that intensified the pressure to grant subordinated ethnic groups their freedom. The General Assembly of the United Nations became an effective platform for the nations of the Third World to vent their anger over centuries of Western domination, and apartheid soon became the focus of their wrath. The Republic of South Africa and Racial Strife (1960-1984) One of these goals was achieved in 1960, when the White population voted in a referendum to sever South Africa's ties with the British Monarchy, and establish a republic. On 5 October 1960 South African whites were asked: “Do you support a republic for the Union?”. The result showed just over 52 per cent in favour of the change. The opposition United Party actively campaigned for a “No” vote, while the smaller Progressive Party appealed to supporters of the proposed change to “reject this republic”, arguing that South Africa's membership of the Commonwealth, with which it had privileged trade links, would be threatened. The National Party had not ruled out continued membership after the country became a republic, but the Commonwealth now had new Asian and African members who saw the apartheid regime's membership as an affront to the organisation's democratic principles. Consequently, South Africa left the Commonwealth on becoming a republic. When the Republic of South Africa was declared on May 31, 1961, Queen Elizabeth II ceased to be head of state, and the last Governor General of the Union took office as the first State President. Charles Robberts Swart , the last Governor-General, was sworn in as the first State President (see “People”section for more detail about this position). The State President performed mainly ceremonial duties and the ruling National Party decided against having an executive presidency, instead adopting a minimalist approach - a conciliatory gesture to English-speaking whites who were opposed to a republic. Like Governor-Generals before them, State Presidents were retired National Party ministers, and consequently, white, Afrikaner, and male. Therefore, HF Verwoerd remained on as the Prime Minister of the country. In 1966, Prime Minister Verwoerd was assassinated by a discontented White government employee, and B.J. Vorster became the new Prime Minister. From the late 1960s, the Vorster government began attempts to start a dialogue on racial and other matters with independent African nations. These attempts met with little success, except for the establishment of diplomatic relations with Malawi and the adjacent nations of Lesotho, Botswana, and Swaziland - all of which were economically dependent on South Africa. South Africa was strongly opposed to the establishment of Black rule in the White-dominated countries of Angola, Mozambique, and Rhodesia, and gave military assistance to Whites there. However, by late 1974, with independence for Angola and Mozambique under majority rule imminent, South Africa faced the prospect of further isolation from the international community - as one of the few remaining White-ruled nations of Africa. In the early 1970s, increasing numbers of whites (especially students) protested apartheid, and the National party itself was divided, largely on questions of race relations, into the somewhat liberal verligte [Afrikaans=enlightened] faction and the conservative verkrampte [Afrikaans,=narrow-minded] group. In the early 1970s, black workers staged strikes and violently revolted against their inferior conditions. South Africa invaded Angola in 1975 in an attempt to crush mounting opposition in exile, but the action was a complete failure. In 1976, open rebellion erupted in the black township of Soweto, in protest against the use of Afrikaans as the medium of instruction in Black schools. Over the next few months, rioting spread to other large cities of South Africa, which resulted in the deaths of more than 600 Black people. In 1977, the death of Black Consciousness leader Steve Biko in police custody (under suspicious circumstances) prompted protests and sanctions. The National Party increased its parliamentary majority in almost every election between 1948 and 1977, and despite all the protest against apartheid, the National Party got its best-ever result in the 1977 elections with support of 64.8% of the White voters and 134 seats in parliament out of 165. Pieter Willem Botha became prime minister in 1978, and pledged to uphold apartheid as well as improve race relations. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the government granted “independence” to four homelands: Transkei (1976), Bophuthatswana (1977), Venda (1979), and Ciskei (1981). In the early 1980s, as the regime hotly debated the extent of reforms, Botha began to reform some of the apartheid policies. He legalised interracial marriages and multiracial political parties, and relaxed the Group Areas Act. In 1984, a new constitution was enacted which provided for a Tricameral Parliament. The new Parliament included the House of Representatives, comprised of Coloureds; the House of Delegates, comprised of Indians; and the House of Assembly, comprised of Whites. This system left the Whites with more seats in the Parliament than the Indians and Coloureds combined. Blacks violently protested being shut out of the system, and the ANC and PAC, both of whom had traditionally used non-violent means to protest inequality, began to advocate more extreme measures (Umkhonto we Sizwe and the turn to the armed struggle) . Regime Unravels (1985-1991) As attacks against police stations and other government installations increased, the regime announced an indefinite state of emergency in 1985. In 1986, Anglican Bishop Desmond Tutu , a black South African leader opposing apartheid, addressed the United Nations and urged further sanctions against South Africa. A wave of strikes and riots marked the 10th anniversary of the Soweto uprising in 1987. In 1989, in the midst of rising political instability, growing economic problems and diplomatic isolation, President Botha fell ill and was succeeded, first as party leader, then as president, by F. W. de Klerk . Although a conservative, de Klerk realised the impracticality of maintaining apartheid forever, and soon after taking power, he decided that it would be better to negotiate while there was still time to reach a compromise, than to hold out until forced to negotiate on less favourable terms. He therefore persuaded the National Party to enter into negotiations with representatives of the Black community. Late in 1989, the National Party won the most bitterly contested election in decades, pledging to negotiate an end to the apartheid system that it had established. Early in 1990 de Klerk's government began relaxing apartheid restrictions. The African National Congress (ANC) and other liberation organisations were legalized and Nelson Mandela was released after twenty-seven years of imprisonment. In late 1991 the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) , a multiracial forum set up by de Klerk and Mandela, began efforts to negotiate a new constitution, and a transition to a multiracial democracy with majority rule. In March 1992, voters endorsed constitutional reform efforts by a wide margin in a referendum open only to Whites. However, there was continued violent protests from opponents of the process, especially by supporters of Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi , leader of the Zulu-based Inkatha movement - with the backing and sometimes active participation of the South African security forces. The New South Africa and the New National Party (1993-2005) Despite obstacles and delays, an interim constitution was completed in 1993. This ended nearly three centuries of white rule in South Africa, and marked the eradication of white-minority rule on the African continent. A 32-member multiparty transitional government council was formed with blacks in the majority, and in April 1994, days after the Inkatha Freedom party ended an electoral boycott, the republic's first multiracial election was held. The ANC won an overwhelming victory, and Nelson Mandela became president. South Africa also rejoined the Commonwealth in 1994 and relinquished its last hold in Namibia, by ceding the exclave of Walvis Bay . In 1994 and 1995, the last vestiges of apartheid were dismantled, and a new national constitution was approved and adopted in May 1996. It provided for a strong presidency and eliminated provisions guaranteeing White-led and other minority party representation in the government. De Klerk and the National party supported the new charter, despite disagreement over some provisions. Shortly afterward, de Klerk and the National party quit the national unity government to become part of the opposition- the New National party after 1998. The new government faced the daunting task of trying to address the inequities produced by decades of apartheid, while promoting privatization and a favourable investment climate. The liberal Democratic party became the leading opposition party, and in 2000 it joined forces with the New National Party to form the Democratic Alliance (DA). That coalition, however, survived only until late 2001, when the New National party left to form a coalition with the ANC. Parliamentary elections in April 2004, resulted in a resounding victory for the ANC, which won nearly 70% of the vote, while the DA remained the largest opposition party and increased its share of the vote. The new parliament subsequently re-elected President Mbeki. As a result of its poor showing, the New National party merged with the ANC, and voted to disband in April 2005. Further Reading What won the NP the 1948 election? by Hermann Giliomee, PoliticsWeb, 22 October 2020 … parties that advocated close cooperation between Afrikaners and persons of British descent. The founder of the NP, General JBM Hertzog, was a member of the Union Government, and was fiercely and publicly nationalistic. This offended … did not have a regular mouthpiece to promote its policies and campaigns like the SAP’s Ons Land newspaper in Cape Town and De Volkstem in Pretoria. Die Burger newspaper was therefore created in the Cape on 26 July 1915 for this specific purpose, … Act no 21 of 1923). The Afrikaner opposition to WW1 proved to strengthen the, particularly after the death of GeneralDelaRey (Afrikaners blamed Smuts and Botha). The death of General Louis Botha in 1919 pushed away more of the SAP supporters, … Christiaan Rudolf De Wet Christiaan de Wet was born at Leeuwkop near Smithfield, Orange Free State, on 7 October 1854. He received little formal education, spending his days helping his father in the management of the farm Nuwejaarsfontein, near the present town of Dewetsdorp. At the age of nineteen, he married Cornelia Margaretha Kruger, a woman of strong character. They were to have sixteen children. Upon the annexation of the Transvaal in 1877, he moved to the Vredefort district in the Orange Free State, then to Weltevreden near the present village of Koppies, and from there to Rietfontein in the Heidelberg district (Transvaal), in 1880. De Wet was twenty-seven when the First Anglo-Boer War broke out in 1880. He fought with the Heidelberg Commando, taking part in the Battle of Laing's Nek, where he displayed courage at Ingogo and in the storming of Majuba in early 1881. After the war and the restoration of Transvaal independence, he was elected a veld-cornet. In 1882, the family moved again, this time to the farm Suikerboskop in the Lydenburg district. Elected to the Transvaal Volksraad in 1885, he only attended one session because he decided to buy his father's farm, Nuwejaarsfontein, and the family moved back to the Orange Free State. In 1896, he was to move once more, this time to the farm Rooipoort in the Heilbron district. In 1889, he was elected to the Free State's Volksraad and represented Upper Modder River until 1898. Expecting the outbreak of war in 1899, De Wet, then forty-five, prepared for the hardships to come. Among other things, he bought Fleur, the white Arab horse that was to carry him steadfastly through many battles and across thousands of miles on the veld. On 2 October 1899, De Wet and his eldest son, Kotie, were called up as ordinary burghers in the Heilbron commando. De Wet's sons, Izak and Christiaan enlisted as volunteers and the four of them reported for duty under Commandant Lucas Steenekamp. In March and April 1900 De Wet launched an offensive that heralded the Boer revival. Attacking south-eastwards, in the guerrilla style for which he was to become legendary. In order to decide whether to continue the war or to accept the British terms the Boer leaders called a conference of sixty representatives of the Transvaal and Orange Free State to be held at Vereeniging on 15 May. With Steyn ill, De Wet, as Acting President, represented the Free State. De Wet said he was prepared to carry on the struggle beside President Steyn to the bitter end. The Treaty of Vereeniging was the result of the Boer discussions. With his family, De Wet returned to his ruined farm, Rooipoort. In July 1902, leaving his wife and children in a tent on the farm, he left for Europe with Botha and De la Rey to try to raise funds for the widows and orphans impoverished by the war. On board ship, the Reverend J D Kestell assisted him in the prodigious effort of writing his war memoirs, De Strijd Tusschen Boer en Brit (subsequently published in English as Three Years War). The book was an overwhelming success and was later translated into at least six languages.On his return, De Wet played an important part in the movement to counter Milnerism in the Free State, which culminated in the establishment of the Orangia Unie in 1906. When the Orange River Sovereignty was granted self-Government in 1907, De Wet was elected the member for Vredefort and became Abraham Fischer's Minister of Agriculture. He was a delegate to the National Convention of 1908-09, which met to decide on the Constitution of the Union of South Africa. He left politics after Union in 1910 and went to live at Allanvale, near Memel, where he was nominated to the Union Defence Board. A supporter of Hertzog, his fiery personality came to the fore when he made his famous 'dunghill' speech in Pretoria on 28 December 1912. The following year he resigned from the Defence Board. In 1914, when De Wet and Hertzog founded the National Party, the political divisions between Afrikaners grew wider. In mid-August 1914, a number of prominent Boer War leaders were in contact with each other. They were: General de la Rey, now a Government senator, Lieutenant-Colonel 'Manie' Maritz, who was in command of the Union forces near the border of South West Africa, General Beyers, the commander of the Active Citizen Force, General Kemp, the commander of the Potchefstroom military camp, and General De Wet. Wanting no part in 'England's wars', they opposed South African participation in World War I and the proposed invasion of German South West Africa by South African forces. According to subsequent statements of the participants, these leaders saw an opportunity of regaining the independence they had so dearly lost twelve years earlier and were planning a coup d'etat, which was to take place on the South West African border, in the Free State and at Potchefstroom. Beyers had arranged to meet Governor Seitz of German South West Africa at the border. De la Rey was to address the soldiers in the camp at Potchefstroom. And Maritz was to defect to the Germans with his men. Beyers and Kemp both resigned their commissions. On 15 September Beyers set out to drive to Potchefstroom with General J.H. de la Rey. When they failed to stop at a roadblock at Langlaagte, a trooper opened fire and De la Rey was shot dead. After speaking at De la Rey's funeral in Lichtenburg, De Wet took part in a protest meeting in the town the following day. It was decided that he and others would try to persuade Botha and Smuts to abandon their plans to attack German South West Africa. But the deputation achieved nothing. Soon after De la Rey's funeral, Maritz defected to the German side with more than a thousand men. Kemp joined him. At Steenbokfontein on 29 October 1914, Beyers issued a declaration on behalf of himself and De Wet that they were to stage an armed protest. Afrikaners flocked to them, intending to march on Pretoria. The rebellion spread, inspired by De Wet who occupied towns and seized property in the north-eastern Free State where he commanded a great following. In total, more than 11,400 poorly equipped men rebelled. They were doomed to failure. Martial law was declared and Government troops were swiftly mustered to suppress the revolt. It took Botha one month. At Allemanskraal, De Wet's son Danie and several other rebels were killed. De Wet, who was grieving bitterly over his son, occupied Winburg. At Mushroom Valley, north-east of Bloemfontein, Botha completely surprised the poorly armed rebels. A short sharp skirmish showed they were no match for Botha and the Government troops. Twenty-two rebels and six of Botha's men were killed; the rest were captured or fled in every direction. With his family, De Wet returned to his ruined farm, Rooipoort. In July 1902, leaving his wife and children in a tent on the farm, he left for Europe with Botha and De la Rey to try to raise funds for the widows and orphans impoverished by the war. On board ship, the Reverend J D Kestell assisted him in the prodigious effort of writing his war memoirs, De Strijd Tusschen Boer en Brit (subsequently published in English as Three Years War). The book was an overwhelming success and was later translated into at least six languages. On his return, De Wet played an important part in the movement to counter Milnerism in the Free State, which culminated in the establishment of the Orangia Unie in 1906. When the Orange River Sovereignty was granted self-Government in 1907, De Wet was elected the member for Vredefort and became Abraham Fischer's Minister of Agriculture. He was a delegate to the National Convention of 1908-09, which met to decide on the Constitution of the Union of South Africa. He left politics after Union in 1910 and went to live at Allanvale, near Memel, where he was nominated to the Union Defence Board. A supporter of Hertzog, his fiery personality came to the fore when he made his famous 'dunghill' speech in Pretoria on 28 December 1912. The following year he resigned from the Defence Board. In 1914, when De Wet and Hertzog founded the National Party, the political divisions between Afrikaners grew wider 1, 400 poorly equipped men rebelled. They were doomed to failure. Ever the master of evasive tactics, De Wet managed to escape, only to be engaged in a fierce skirmish at Virginia station. Seeing it was useless to continue the fight, he instructed his burghers to accept Botha's favourable amnesty terms, while he and a handful of faithful followers headed towards the Kalahari Desert in a bid to join Maritz in South West Africa. On 30 November 1914, at Waterbury farm near Vryburg, an informer told Colonel G F Jordaan that the exhausted De Wet and his companions were hiding out in the district. Coen Brits set off after him with a posse of motorcars. For the first time in his life, De Wet was taken prisoner. "It was the motorcars that beat me," he said. And on hearing that his captors were Afrikaners, he remarked with a wry smile, "Well, thank God for that. Then the English never captured me!" De Wet was taken at once to the Johannesburg Fort, where together with other rebels he was imprisoned. Special courts were set up to try the rebels. De Wet got six years and a fine of £2,000. He expressed surprise at the leniency of his sentence. Within a short time the fine was collected from voluntary contributions, and after six months he was granted a reprieve. But imprisonment had seriously undermined his health. Shortly after his release, De Wet sold his farm Allanvale and settled near Edenburg for a few years. Then he moved for the last time to the farm Klipfontein, near Dewetsdorp. Although he was poor and a shadow of his former self, his spirit remained forceful; and an incessant flow of visitors found their way to his door to pay their respects to him. But, because of his illness, he made few public appearances. Nevertheless, when ex-President Steyn died in November 1916, De Wet paid tribute to his old friend and comrade-a-arms in a famous oration at the graveside. As he aged, De Wet became politically moderate, to the extent that he advised the inclusion of English-speaking citizens in political affairs; but he never forgave those who had collaborated during the Boer War De Wet progressively weakened and at length, on 3 February 1922, he died on his farm. General Smuts, who had become Prime Minister, cabled his widow: 'A prince and a great man has fallen today.' De Wet was given a state funeral in Bloemfontein and buried next to President Steyn and Emily Hobhouse at the foot of the memorial to the women and children who died in the concentration camps. On the hundredth anniversary of his birth, a bronze equestrian statue, by Coert Steynberg, was unveiled at the Raadzaal in Bloemfontein. Anglo-Boer War 2: The Battle of Silkaatsnek begins 11 July 1900 References Cloete, P G (2000). The Anglo-Boer War: a chronology. ABC Press, Cape Town, pg 169.| Wallis, F. (2000). Nuusdagboek: feite en fratse oor 1000 jaar, Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau).| Kormorant, (2009), ‘The Battle of Silkaatsnek 11 July 1990 - ARMAGEDDON OF THE MOUNTAIN ’, from Kormorant, 18 February [Online], Available at www.kormorant.co.za [Accessed: 10 July 2013] There is a pass in the Magaliesberg known as Silkaatsnek It was here that the two 12-pounder guns of 'O' Battery, Royal Horse Artillery (RHA), were placed and ultimately captured in the first battle of Silkaatsnek on 11 July 1900. After the fall of Pretoria on 5 June 1900, the British forces found themselves in command of most strategic points, but with enormously extended lines of communication. In the then 'Western Transvaal', communications were maintained through huge tracts of inhospitable country, which were difficult to fight in; rough hills, tenacious bushes and hard stony ground with infrequent sources of water, especially in the southern winter. Conditions were ideal for guerrilla warfare conducted by tough, unsophisticated fighters who were brought up as horsemen and marksmen, who knew the country intimately and who could adapt themselves to harsh conditions using the topography to their advantage. 11 July 1900 marked the beginning of this type of war with four Boer actions, of which the action of Silkaatsnek was but one of three successes, with resultant timely encouragement to Boer morale in the Western Transvaal, and dismay amongst English garrisons and outposts. General De la Rey had commanded the northern sector of the Boer forces at Diamond Hill. After this battle, De la Rey, who also commanded the Western Transvalers, fell back to the Bronkhorstspruit-Balmoral area. On lO July, De la Rey was travelling north of Silkaatsnek towards Rustenburg with some 200 men, when his scouts brought information that the Nek was lightly held and that the commanding shoulders of the Nek had been ignored. He decided to attack. De la Rey launched a three-pronged attack on the small British force commanded by Colonel HR Roberts. De la Rey personally lead the frontal assault from the north and sent two groups of 200 men to scale both shoulders of the pass, where the British had placed small pickÂets. The burghers surrounded and captured two British field-guns, but the British put up a gallant fight that lasted the entire day. Colonel Roberts surrendered the next morning. 23 British troops were killed, Colonel Roberts and 44 others were wounded and 189 (including the wounded) were captured. The Boers casualties are unknown, but De la Rey's nephew and his adjutant were both killed, and a known 8 men were wounded. The Boers captured two field-guns, a machine gun, a numÂber of rifles ammunition. De la Rey used these weapons to rearm several burghers who returned to duty. Read SAHO's Anglo-Boer war feature. Dwarsvlei, near Pretoria The Farm Dwarsvlei is situated 15 kilometres North of Krugersdorp, on the road to Hekpoort, past Sterkfontein of Archaeological fame. It is still Owned and Farmed by Descendants of the Oosthuizen family, the Voortrekkers who first Settled there. It was the scene of at least two almost forgotten clashes between the Boers and the British during the Anglo-Boer War (1899 - 1902) The first incident which took place here, on 11 July 1900, was a fierce Battle in which three Victoria Crosses were earned in circumstances initially remarkably similar to the Battle of Colenso, seven Months earlier, 15 December 1899. Amongst the Boer casualties was their Commander, Sarel Oosthuizen. The engagement was described by Major-General Smith-Dorrien as their 'most trying fight of the whole war'. Then, on 9 October 1900, a captain in the Royal Scots Fusiliers, Hugh Montague Trenchard, was ambushed and critically wounded outside the door of the Farmhouse in the second incident which occurred on the Farm, during the War. Trenchard survived to become 'one of the few great men, who can be said to have changed the course of History'. He became 'the father of the Royal Air Force and the Architect of modern air power', dictating the role of Aerial Bombing Warfare in both the First and Second World Wars. He fought Economic cuts to keep the Air Force, in existence between the wars and it is said that, 'without him, there would have been no Battle of Britain'. Today, only a short drive from Johannesburg, the tarred road to Hekpoort passes over the Battlefield of Dwarsvlei, but there is no indication of the events that took place there a Century ago. Not even a cartridge case remains to be seen, although the British alone fired 38 000 rounds that Day. The Farm and the Slope of the Witwatersberg to the North are now covered with invasive Wattle Trees, but the two Kopjes and the Hollow, beyond them remains open Veld, as it was a Century ago. Thus, the Panorama of the Battlefield can be easily surveyed. The positioning of the roads has changed slightly over time with the Hekpoort road to be to the West of the Kopjes, while the present tarred road follows the path between them taken by the guns. The Battle of Dwarsvlei, 11 July 1900- It was mid-Winter on the Highveld, Pretoria had fallen to the British, and General de la Rey had gathered the Burghers North of the Magaliesberg for the start of the guerrilla phase of the war. On that day, 11 July 1900, the British were engaged at four Places: Witpoort, East of Pretoria; Onderstepoort to the North; and Zilikat's Nek (Silkaatsnek) and Dwarsvlei in the West. The results of the actions at the last three sites was disastrous. The Gordon Highlanders and Shropshire Regiment under the Command of Major-General Smith-Dorrien were to leave Krugersdorp for Hekpoort in order to join the Scots Greys from Pretoria and link up with Baden-Powell at Olifantsnek, South of Rustenburg. The Force consisted of about 1 335 men, 597 Gordon Highlanders, 680 Shropshires, 34 Imperial Yeomanry with a Colt Gun, two Guns of the 78th Battery, three Ambulances and forty Wagons. The Track they followed is in very much in the same position as the Tarred Road is today, topping a Rise after about 15 km before dropping through an open Hollow and rising again to cross the Witwatersberg beyond. Here the Boers, mainly from the Krugersdorp Commando under Sarel Oosthuizen, opened fire on them from the high ground. The guns advanced between the two Kopjes to the open Ground and opened fire on the opposing Ridges while the Gordons took up positions on the Kopjes. As at Colenso, the Horse-Drawn Artillery, in their eagerness to come into action, had left the Infantry behind and found themselves in an exposed Position. They sent the limbers 600 Yards (548 metres) to the Rear, instead of taking advantage of the perfect cover provided by the Kopjes. The deadly Boer fire, from only 800 Yards (731 metres) away, soon took its toll and within half an hour, fourteen of the seventeen Gunners had been hit and the guns had been silenced. The section commander, Lieutenant Turner, although wounded three times, continued for some time to fire one of the guns himself. One of the limber teams, in endeavouring to remove a gun, had four horses shot and gave up the attempt, while the horses of the other had taken fright and bolted. Captain W E Gordon, with some Gordon Highlanders, then made a gallant but ultimately unsuccessful attempt to manhandle the guns. Captain D R Younger and three men were killed and seventeen were wounded in the attempt. For his efforts, Captain Gordon was awarded the Victoria Cross, while Captain Younger's award was only gazetted on 8 August 1902, as Posthumous Awards were not made at the time. Corporal J F Mackay had been recommended for the Victoria Cross at Doornkop on 29 May 1900 as well as on three other occasions, including Dwarsvlei, where he had dashed out from the safety of the right Kopje, hoisted Captain Younger on his back, and carried him behind the left Kopje under the concentrated fire of several hundred rifles. As the expected Scots Greys and two guns of the Royal Horse Artillery were pinned down and eventually Captured by De la Rey at Zilikat's Nek, Lord Roberts Signalled from Pretoria at 13.25 that the operation was to be cancelled and that the force must retire to Krugersdorp. Orders were issued for the withdrawal, but Lieutenant Turner, upon hearing of them from where he lay wounded next to the headquarters, burst out, 'Oh, you can't leave my guns!' Then, on Colonel Macbean's assurance that the Gordons could hold on all day, Smith-Dorrien cancelled the order. Skirmishing continued for the rest of the Day and the Transport, HQ and Ambulance all came under fire. At dusk, the Boers, with shouts of 'Voorwaarts, mense, voorwaarts!' (Forward, people, forward!), attempted to capture the guns. They were driven off with considerable losses, including their leader, Sarel Oosthuizen. He was wounded in the thigh and Died a Month later, on 14 August 1900. The British guns were recovered and both sides withdrew from the Field, the British reaching Krugersdorp weary but in good spirits in the early Hours of the following Morning. A week later, the British resumed their Mission, Reinforced by Lord Methuen's force, and passed the same Area on 19 July, observing a few Boers who kept their Distance and put up but slight resistance later. In the Krugersdorp Cemetery, Captain Younger's Headstone stands thirty paces away from the Memorial stone to vecht-generaal Sarel Oosthuizen and his younger brother, korporaal Izak Johannes Oosthuizen (who died on 20 April 1902, a few days before the end of the war). The Battle of Dwarsvlei has also been referred to as: 'Leeuhoek, Door Boschfontein and Onrus', all being names of Farms in the Area, that the action took place in that day. References http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol113js.html Further Reading https://www.sahistory.org.za/.../anglo-boer-war-2-boer-general-sf-oosthuizen -dies-wounds-received-dwarsvlei-11-07-1900 https://www.sahistory.org.za/.../sterkfontein-caves-krugersdorp-within-cradle- humankind-world-heritage-site https://www.sahistory.org.za/.../second-anglo-boer-war-1899-1902 https://www.sahistory.org.za/.../a-tribute-to-the-pioneers-voortrekkers-of-the- transvaal https://www.sahistory.org.za/.../timeline-world-war-ii-1939-1945 https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/preller-rondawels-pelindaba https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/krugersdorp https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/kitson-steam-train-krugersdorp Women and Children in White Concentration Camps during the Anglo-Boer War, 1900-1902 Due to the fact that Black People were detained in separate camps, the issue of Black Concentration Camps is dealt with in another chronology. Boer women, children and men unfit for service were herded together in concentration camps by the British forces during Anglo-Boer War 2 (1899-1902). The first two of these camps (refugee camps) were established to house the families of burghers who had surrendered voluntarily, but very soon, with families of combatant burgers driven forcibly into camps established all over the country, the camps ceased to be refugee camps and became concentration camps. The abhorrent conditions in these camps caused the death of 4 177 women, 22 074 children under sixteen and 1 676 men, mainly those too old to be on commando, notwithstanding the efforts of an English lady, Emily Hobhouse , who tried her best to make the British authorities aware of the plight of especially the women and children in the camps. 1900 September, Major-Gen J.G. Maxwell announces that "... camps for burghers who voluntarily surrender are being formed at Pretoria and Bloemfontein." This signals the start of what was to evolve into the notorious Concentration Camp Policy. 22 September, As result of a military notice on this date, the first two 'refugee' camps are established at Pretoria and Bloemfontein. Initially the aim was to protect the families of burghers who had surrendered voluntarily and their families by the institution of these camps. As the families of combatant burghers were also driven into these and other camps, they ceased to be 'refugee' camps and became 'concentration' camps. 20 December, A proclamation issued by Lord Kitchener states that all burghers surrendering voluntarily, will be allowed to live with their families in Government Laagers until the end of the war and their stock and property will be respected and paid for. 21 December, Contrary to the announced intention, Lord Kitchener states in a memorandum to general officers the advantages of interning all women, children and men unfit for military services, also Blacks living on Boer farms, as this will be "the most effective method of limiting the endurance of the guerrillas... "The women and children brought in should be divided in two categories, viz.: 1st. Refugees, and the families of Neutrals, non-combatants, and surrendered Burghers. 2nd. Those whose husbands, fathers and sons are on Commando. The preference in accommodation, etc. should of course be given to the first class. With regard to Natives, it is not intended to clear ... locations, but only such and their stock as are on Boer farms." Second Boer War - Bloemfontein Concentration Camp Image source 1901 21 January, Emily Hobhouse, an English philanthropist and social worker who tried to improve the plight of women and children in the camps, obtains permission to visit concentration camps. Lord Kitchener, however, disallows visits north of Bloemfontein. 24 January, Emily Hobhouse visits Bloemfontein concentration camps and is appalled by the conditions. Due to limited time and resources, she does not visit the camp for Blacks, although she urges the Guild of Loyal Women to do so. 30 January, Pushing panic-stricken groups of old men, women and children, crowded in wagons and preceded by huge flocks of livestock in front of them, French's drive enters the south-eastern ZAR (Transvaal). 31 January, Mrs Isie Smuts, wife of Gen. J.C. Smuts, is sent to Pietermaritzburg and placed under house arrest by the British military authorities, despite her pleas to be sent to concentration camps like other Boer women.Concentration camps have been established at Aliwal North, Brandfort, Elandsfontein, Heidelberg, Howick, Kimberley, Klerksdorp, Viljoensdrift, Waterfall North and Winburg. 25 February, A former member of the Free State Volksraad, H.S. Viljoen, and five other prisoners are set free from the Green Point Camp near Cape Town. They are sent to visit Free State concentration camps with the intention of influencing the women in the camps to persuade their husbands to lay down their arms. They are met with very little success. 27 February, Discriminatory food rations - 1st class rations for the families of 'hands-uppers' and 2nd class for the families of fighting burghers or those who refuse to work for the British - are discontinued in the 'Transvaal' concentration camps. 28 February, Concentration camps have been established at Kromellenboog, Middelburg, Norvalspont, Springfontein, Volksrust, and Vredefort Road.At the Middelburg conference between Supreme Commander Lord Kitchener and Commandant-General Louis Botha, Kitchener comments to Lord Roberts, now Commander-in Chief at the War Office in London: "They [referring to the Burghers S.K.] evidently do not like their women being brought in and I think it has made them more anxious for peace." The conference is discussing terms of a possible peace treaty.Sir Alfred Milner leaves Cape Town for Johannesburg to take up his duties as administrator of the 'new colonies'. 1 March, Concentration camps in the 'Orange River' and 'Transvaal' Colonies are transferred to civil control under Sir Alfred Milner. 4 March, Emily Hobhouse visits the Springfontein concentration camp. 6 March, Discriminatory food rations are also discontinued in the 'Orange River Colony' camps. 8 March, Emily Hobhouse visits the Norvalspont concentration camp. 12 March, Emily Hobhouse visits the Kimberley concentration camp. 6 April, Emily Hobhouse returns to Kimberley 9 April, Emily Hobhouse visits the Mafeking concentration camp. 12 April, Emily Hobhouse witnesses the clearing of Warrenton and the dispatch of people in open coal trucks. 13 April, Emily Hobhouse returns to Kimberley, witnessing the arrival of the people removed from Warrenton at the Kimberley camp, where there are only 25 tents available for 240 people. 20 April, The towns of Parys and Vredefort and many outlying farms have been cleared of inhabitants and supplies. The women and children have been removed to concentration camps. 21 April, Emily Hobhouse arrives in Bloemfontein. 23 April, Sir Alfred Milner refuses to issue a permit to Emily Hobhouse authorising her to travel north of Bloemfontein. 4 May, Emily Hobhouse arrives in Cape Town. 7 May, Emily Hobhouse leaves for Britain after an extended fact-finding tour of the concentration camps. 14 June, Speaking at a dinner party of the National Reform Union in England, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, leader of the Liberal opposition, says the war in South Africa is carried on by methods of barbarism. 17 June, David Lloyd-George in England condemns the concentration camps and the horrors inflicted on women and children in the camps in South Africa. He warns, "A barrier of dead children's bodies will rise between the British and Boer races in South Africa." Emily Hobhouse tells the story of the young Lizzie van Zyl who died in the Bloemfontein concentration camp: She was a frail, weak little child in desperate need of good care. Yet, because her mother was one of the "undesirables" due to the fact that her father neither surrendered nor betrayed his people, Lizzie was placed on the lowest rations and so perished with hunger that, after a month in the camp, she was transferred to the new small hospital. Here she was treated harshly. The English disposed doctor and his nurses did not understand her language and, as she could not speak English, labeled her an idiot although she was mentally fit and normal. One day she dejectedly started calling for her mother, when a Mrs Botha walked over to her to console her. She was just telling the child that she would soon see her mother again, when she was brusquely interrupted by one of the nurses who told her not to interfere with the child as she was a nuisance. Quote from Stemme uit die Verlede ("Voices from the Past") - a collection of sworn statements by women who were detained in the concentration camps during the Second Boer War (1899-1902). Image source 18 June, Emily Hobhouse's report on concentration camps appear under the title, "To the S.A. Distress Fund, Report of a visit to the camps of women and children in the Cape and Orange River Colonies". Summarising the reasons for the high fatality rate, she writes, "Numbers crowded into small tents: some sick, some dying, occasionally a dead one among them; scanty rations dealt out raw; lack of fuel to cook them; lack of water for drinking, for cooking, for washing; lack of soap, brushes and other instruments of personal cleanliness; lack of bedding or of beds to keep the body off the bare earth; lack of clothing for warmth and in many cases for decency ..." Her conclusion is that the whole system is cruel and should be abolished. 26 June, Lord Kitchener, in a telegram to Milner: "I fear there is little doubt the war will now go on for considerable time unless stronger measures are taken ... Under the circumstances I strongly urge sending away wives and families and settling them somewhere else. Some such unexpected measure on our part is in my opinion essential to bring war to a rapid end." 27 June, The British War Department promises to look into Emily Hobhouse's suggestions regarding improvements to the concentration camps. 30 June, The official camp population is 85 410 for the White camps and the deaths reported for June are 777. 15 July, Dr K. Franks, the camp doctor at the Mafeking concentration camp reports that the camp is "overwhelmed" by 1 270 women and children brought in after sweeps on the western ZAR (Transvaal). Lack of facilities ads to the hardships encountered by the new arrivals. 16 July, The British Colonial Office announces the appointment of a Ladies Commission to investigate the concentration camps in South Africa. The commission, whose members are reputed to be impartial, is made up as follows:Chairlady Mrs Millicent G. Fawcett, who has recently criticised Emily Hobhouse in the Westminster Gazette; Dr Jane Waterson, daughter of a British general, who recently wrote against "the hysterical whining going on in England" while "we feed and pamper people who had not even the grace to say thank you for the care bestowed on them"; Lady Anne Knox, wife of Gen. Knox, who is presently serving in South Africa; Nursing sister Katherine Brereton, who has served in a Yoemanry Hospital in South Africa; Miss Lucy Deane, a government factory inspector on child welfare; Dr the Hon Ella Scarlett, a medical doctor. One of the doctors is to marry a concentration camp official before the end of their tour. 20 July, Commenting on confiscation of property and banishment of families, St John Brodrick, British secretary of State for War, writes to Kitchener: "... Your other suggestion of sending the Boer women to St Helena, etc., and telling their husbands that they would never return, seems difficult to work out. We cannot permanently keep 16,000 men in ring fences and they are not a marketable commodity in other lands ..." 25 July, Since 25 June, Emily Hobhouse has addressed twenty-six public meetings on concentration camps, raising money to improve conditions. 26 July, Emily Hobhouse again writes to Brodrick asking for reasons for the War Department's refusal to include her in the Ladies Commission. If she cannot go, "it was due to myself to convey to all interested that the failure to do so was due to the Government". 27 July, St John Rodrick replies to Emily Hobhouse's letter, "The only consideration in the selection of ladies to visit the Concentration Camps, beyond their special capacity for such work, was that they should be, so far as is possible, removed from the suspicion of partiality to the system adopted or the reverse." 31 July, The officially recorded camp population is 93 940 for the White camps and the deaths for July stands at 1 412. 16 August, General De la Rey protests to the British against the mistreatment of women and children. 20 August, Col. E.C. Ingouville-Williams' column transports Gen. De la Rey's mother to the Klerksdorp concentration camp. A member of the Cape Mounted Rifles notes in his diary: "She is 84 years old. I gave her some milk, jam, soup, etc. as she cannot eat hard tack and they have nothing else. We do not treat them as we ought to." 31 August, The officially recorded camp population for White camps is 105 347 and the camp fatalities for August stand at 1 878. 13 September, The Merebank Refugee Camp is established near Durban in an attempt to reduce the camp population in the Republics. Its most famous inmates are to be Mrs De Wet and her children. 30 September, Cornelius Broeksma is executed by an English firing squad in Johannesburg after having been found guilty of breaking the oath of neutrality and inciting others to do the same. A fund is started in Holland for his family and for this purpose a postcard with a picture of himself and his family is sold, bearing the inscription: "Cornelius Broeksma, hero and martyr in pity's cause. Shot by the English on 30th September 1901, because he refused to be silent about the cruel suffering in the women's camps."The officially recorded camp population of the White camps is 109 418 and the monthly deaths for September stand at 2 411. 1 October, Emily Hobhouse again urges the Minister of War, "in the name of the little children whom I have watched suffer and die" to implement improvements in the concentration camps. 26 October, As the commandoes in the Bethal district, Transvaal, become wise to Benson's night attacks, his success rate declines and he contents himself with 'ordinary clearing work' - burning farms and herding women, children, old men and other non-combatants with their livestock and vehicles. 27 October, Emily Hobhouse arrives in Table Bay on board the SS Avondale Castle, but is refused permission to go ashore by Col. H. Cooper, the Military Commandant of Cape Town. 29 October, Reverend John Knox Little states in the United Kingdom: "Among the unexampled efforts of kindness and leniency made throughout this war for the benefit of the enemy, none have surpassed the formation of the Concentration Camps". 31 October, Despite letters of protest to Lord Alfred Milner, Sir Walter Hely-Hutchinson and Lord Ripon, Emily Hobhouse, although unwell, is forced to undergo a medical examination. She is eventually wrapped in a shawl and physically carried off the Avondale Castle. She is taken aboard the Roslin Castle for deportation under martial law regulations.The officially recorded camp population of White camps is 113 506 and the deaths for October stand at 3 156. 1 November, Miss Emily Hobhouse, under deportation orders on board the Roslin Castle writes to Lord Kitchener: "... I hope in future you will exercise greater width of judgement in the exercise of your high office. To carry out orders such as these is a degradation both to the office and the manhood of your soldiers. I feel ashamed to own you as a fellow-countryman."And to Lord Milner: "Your brutal orders have been carried out and thus I hope you will be satisfied. Your narrow incompetency to see the real issues of this great struggle is leading you to such acts as this and many others, straining [staining S.K.] your own name and the reputation of England..." Boer prisoners in Johannesburg. Source: Parliament Archive, Cape Town 7 November, The Governor of Natal informs St John Brodrick that the wives of Pres. Steyn, General Paul Roux, Chief Commandant C.R. de Wet, Vice President Schalk Burger and Gen. J.B.M. Hertzog, the last four all presently in Natal, are to be sent to a port, other than a British port, outside South Africa.Lord Milner, referring to the concentration camps, writes to British Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain: "I did not originate this plan, but as we have gone so far with it, I fear that a change now might only involve us in fresh and greater evils." 15 November, In his 'General Review of the Situation in the Two New Colonies', Lord Milner reports to Chamberlain, "... even if the war were to come to an end tomorrow, it would not be possible to let the people in the concentration camps go back to their former homes. They would only starve there. The country is, for the most part, a desert..." 16 November, On being questioned by St John Brodrick on his motivations for proposing the deportation of prominent Boer women, Kitchener cancels his orders. 21 November, Referring to a 'scorched earth' raid, Acting State President S.W. Burgers and State Secretary F.W. Reitz address a report to the Marquis of Salisbury, the British Prime Minister: "This removal took place in the most uncivilised and barbarous manner, while such action is ... in conflict with all the up to the present acknowledged rules of civilised warfare. The families were put out of their houses under compulsion, and in many instances by means of force ... (the houses) were destroyed and burnt with everything in them ... and these families among them were many aged ones, pregnant women, and children of very tender years, were removed in open trolleys (exposed) for weeks to rain, severe cold wind and terrible heat, privations to which they were not accustomed, with the result that many of them became very ill, and some of them died shortly after their arrival in the women's camps." The vehicles were also overloaded, accidents happened and they were exposed to being caught in crossfire. They were exposed to insults and ill-treatment by Blacks in service of the troops as well as by soldiers. "...British mounted troops have not hesitated in driving them for miles before their horses, old women, little children, and mothers with sucklings to their breasts ..." 30 November, The officially recorded camp population of the White camps is 117 974 and the deaths for November are 2 807. 1 December, Fully aware of the state of devastation in the Republics, and trying to force the Boer leadership to capitulate, Lord Milner approves a letter that Kitchener sends to London, with identical copies to Burger, Steyn and De Wet. In the letter he informs them that as they have complained about the treatment of the women and children in the camps, he must assume that they themselves are in a provision to provide for them. He therefore offers all families in the camps who are willing to leave, to be sent to the commandos, as soon as he has been informed where they can be handed over. 4 December, Lord Milner comments on the high death rate in the Free State concentration camps: "The theory that, all the weakly children being dead, the rate would fall off, it is not so far borne out by the facts. I take it the strong ones must be dying now and that they will all be dead by the spring of 1903! ..." 7 December, In a letter to Chamberlain, Lord Milner writes: "... The black spot - the one very black spot - in the picture is the frightful mortality in the Concentration Camps ... It was not until 6 weeks or 2 months ago that it dawned on me personally ... that the enormous mortality was not incidental to the first formation of the camps and the sudden inrush of people already starving, but was going to continue. The fact that it continues is no doubt a condemnation of the camp system. The whole thing, I now think, has been a mistake." 8 December, Commenting on the concentration camps, Lord Milner writes to Lord Haldane: "I am sorry to say I fear ... that the whole thing has been a sad fiasco. We attempted an impossibility - and certainly I should never have touched the thing if, when the 'concentration' first began, I could have foreseen that the soldiers meant to sweep the whole population of the country higgledy piggledy into a couple of dozen camps ... " 10 December, President Steyn replies to the British Commander-in-Chief Lord Kitchener's letter about releasing the women and children, that, however glad the burghers would be to have their relatives near them, there is hardly is single house in the Orange Free State that is not burnt or destroyed and everything in it looted by the soldiers. The women and children will be exposed to the weather under the open sky. On account of the above-mentioned reasons they have to refuse to receive them. He asks Kitchener to make the reasons for their refusal known to the world. Anglo-Boer war prisoners in St Helena showing old men and young boys with toys made at the camp. Source: Parliament Archive 11 December, In his reply to Kitchener's letter about the release of women and children, Chief Commandant De Wet says: "I positively refuse to receive the families until such time as the war will be ended, and we shall be able to vindicate our right by presenting our claims for the unlawful removal of and the insults done to our families as well as indemnification on account of the uncivilised deed committed by England by the removal of the families ..." 12 December, The report of the Ladies Commission (Fawcett Commission) is completed on this day, but is only published during February 1902. The Commission is highly critical of the camps and their administration, but cannot recommend the immediate closure of the camps "... to turn 100 000 people new being fed in the concentration camps out on the veldt to take care of themselves would be a cruelty; it would be turning them out to starvation..." The Commission substantiated the most Emily Hobhouse's serious charges, bur reviled her for her compassion for enemy subjects. 22 December, On Peace Sunday, Dr Charles Aked, a Baptist minister in Liverpool, England, protests: "Great Britain cannot win the battles without resorting to the last despicable cowardice of the most loathsome cur on earth - the act of striking a brave man's heart through his wife's honour and his child's life. The cowardly war has been conducted by methods of barbarism ... the concentration camps have been Murder Camps." He is followed home by a large crowd and they smash the windows of his house. 31 December, The camp population in White camps is 89 407 with 2 380 deaths during December. 1902 22 January, In a daring exploit, General Beyers and about 300 men seize the concentration camp at Pietersburg and take the camp superintendent and his staff prisoner. After all-night festivities with wives, friends and family, the superintendent and his staff are released the next day on the departure of Beyers. 31 January, The officially reported White camp population is 97 986 and the deaths for January are 1 805. 4 March, The long-delayed report of the Ladies Commission (Fawcett Commission) on the concentration camps is discussed in the House of Commons. The Commission concludes that there are three causes for the high death rate: "1. The insanitary condition of the country caused by the war. 2. Causes within the control of the inmates. 3. Causes within the control of the administration." The Opposition tables the following motion: "This House deplores the great mortality in the concentration camps formed in the execution of the policy of clearing the country." In his reply Chamberlain states that it was the Boers who forced the policy on them and the camps are actually an effort to minimise the horrors of war. The Opposition motion is defeated by 230 votes to 119. 24 March, Mr H.R. Fox, Secretary of the Aborigines Protection Society, after being made aware by Emily Hobhouse of the fact that the Ladies Commission (Fawcett Commission) ignored the plight of Blacks in concentration camps, writes to Joseph Chamberlain, Colonial Secretary. He requests that such inquiries should be instituted by the British government "as should secure for the natives who are detained no less care and humanity than are now prescribed for the Boer refugees". On this request Sir Montagu Ommaney, the permanent under-secretary at the Colonial Office, is later to record that it seems undesirable "to trouble Lord Milner ... merely to satisfy this busybody". 9 April, Emily Hobhouse's 42nd birthday. 30 April, The officially reported population of the White camps is 112 733 and the death toll for April stands at 298. 15 May, Sixty Republican delegates take part in a three-day conference in Vereeniging, debating whether to continue fighting or end the war.Complicated negotiations continue between Boer delegates among themselves and British delegates, also with different opinions, up to the end of May.During the peace negotiations Acting President Schalk Burger of the ZAR (South African Republic/Transvaal) says: "... it is my holy duty to stop this struggle now that it has become hopeless ... and not to allow the innocent, helpless women and children to remain any longer in their misery in the plaque-stricken concentration camps ..." 31 May, The officially reported camp population of the White camps is 116 572 and the deaths for May are 196.The final peace conditions, comprised in The Treaty of Vereeniging, is signed by representatives of both the Burghers and the British at 23:05 at Melrose House, Pretoria.After this, inhabitants of the concentration camps were gradually released as burghers came to claim the members of their families still living, while other left on their own to return to their burnt-down houses and farms. 27 927 persons died in the camps, 1 676 men, mainly those too old to be on commando, 4 177 women and 22 074 children under sixteen. Federation These 8 facts of life must be presented by the LLP. to the white electorate. But it has to present a ninth fact of its own. It has decided to work towards a federal constitu- tion and a federal parliament, the powers of which will be allotted to it by the white parliament of " w h i t e " South Africa. That in the first place is going to require an amount of co-operation from the other homeland governments of an almost unbelievable kind. But suppose it is achieved. Then the white parliament must begin to allot yet more powers to the federal parliament, until eventually the transfer of power is complete. The U.P. will go down in history as one of the most extraordinary parties in the history of parliamentary government. BUT - BUT - BUT - The white fear! The gross disparity! The machinery of apartheid! One cannot frontally assault the first, but the white parlia- ment that is going to phase itself out must first phase out the gross disparity and start dismantling the machinery. I am convinced that the gross disparity in financial status is one of the deepest causes of white fear and black resentment. The dismantling of apartheid would certainly decrease black resentment. But will it lessen white fear or increase it? That is a big question. But the important thing is t o be doing, and to be seen to be doing, something about it. FEDERATION by Leo Marquard I should like to congratulate and thank those responsible for calling this conference. If anything is to become of the much-talked about federation it is at such conferences as this that ideas will have to be sorted out before they are presented to the public - that is, to 14 or 15 million adult South Africans. The word 'federation' is very much in the air these days, and I mean that in both senses: it is being talked about a good deal in rather limited circles, and the talk is often divorced from reality. This is the result, I think, of the rather loose conceptions of federation that are current. I have an uncomfortable feeling that it has become fashionable to throw off remarks at cocktail parties that, of course, what we really need is federation, more often than not w i t h the I wish to make one last point, I believe it is possible t o cherish an ideal goal, and to be willing at the same time to pursue it by methods not so ideal, that is by methods one would not have used had one been able to use others. I realise that this causes tensions between young and old, between black and white, between the militants and the dogged stickers, between the radicals and the liberals, between the all-or-nothings and the all-or-somethings. In fact an all-or-nothinger finds it difficult — logically and psychologically — t o understand an all-or-somethinger. There is a kind of presumption that an all-or-somethinger has already announced his intentions of settling for a very small something. A n d there is a kind of nobility accredit- ed t o those who take nothing, and a kind of ignobilit^ t o those who take something. If I had a leaning when I was younger, it was to the noble side. I remember Donald Molteno saying to me at a Liber- al Party meeting, in that devastating way of his, " t h e trouble w i t h y o u , Paton, is that you think the Liberal Party is a church." But now I'm out to get something. I'm out t o make white South Africa do something (sensible, I mean). I'm out to make everyone who can, do something. Therefore I am out to make the U.P. do something. All that I can say to them is, do it quickly. Otherwise violence and death will be the destiny of many of us, both black and white, many of us yet not born.D Alan Paton (Paper read at the Conference on Federation, held near East London on the 9th November 1973.) corollary that this will fix the Nationalists or possibly even the United Party. It is rather like a doctor saying to a banned person whose passport has been taken from h i m : 'What you really need is t o get away from South Africa for a long holiday. Why not go to the Reviera? '. Alternatively, of course, you can establish yourself as an up-to-date authority by saying, possibly even at the same cocktail party: 'Of course it's quite absurd. Federation has never worked anywhere else and it certainly w o n ' t work here.' The reason why the feeling I have about this superficial attitude is uncomfortable is that, as you all know, federation is not going to come about merely as the result of a change of government or of a slight shift in white political power or of sloaans. There is nothina 'mere' about what is reauired before a federation can be brought about. And unless it is recognised that it is going to be a long and hard job we shall fail to take even the first step, which is to bring the idea of federation into the sphere of public conciousness and thus of practical politics. It is because I believe that federation, properly understood, could be a useful constitutional device in South Africa's circumstances that I think it is important to be clear about what we mean by it. I suggest the straightforward defini- tion that it is a system of government best suited to those who desire union but do not want unity. And federation will come about only when people believe that it is both useful and safe. It is hardly necessary to say that South Africa is essentially a country in which federation would be more appropriate for all the inhabitants than either of the t w o alternatives of total partition or total union. The conditions that make it so are its diverse population w i t h great differences of race, language, history and culture; its divergent climatic regions and great geographic distances; and its diverse economic conditions. Not only is South Africa — and, indeed, Southern Africa an area where federation is an appropriate form of government: these conditions have, after all, always been there. But, so it seems to me, conditions have never been so favourable for f r u i t f u l discussion about it. The main reason for this is the very general realisation that South Africa's race policies are rapidly reaching the end of the road. What we are now experiencing is the logical outcome of generations of those policies which, during the past twentyfive years, have gone under the general name of apartheid. A n d the logical consequences of apartheid are not pleasant to contemplate. That is why more and more people are seeking alternatives. I don't want to be misunderstood when I say that the fear of worsening racial disharmony is a powerful factor in inducing South Africans of all races to seek an escape. I do not regard federation as a means of solving race questions or dissolving race prejudice and I do not advocate it for that reason. But it could provide a constitutional framework within which such questions may find more rational answers. Incidentally, there seems to be an idea abroad that there is something ignoble, almost dishonest in acting under the spur of fear. This seems to me to be nonsense and I hope advocates of federation will not for one instant allow this to deter or inhibit them. It would take a lot of hard, clever, and honest propaganda to persuade the people of South Africa that, in theory at any rate, federation would be a good thing. But it is not, I believe, impossible to do so. A much bigger snag comes in the second part of my definition. You can persuade South Africans that federation is useful. But can you convince them that it is safe? How do you set about persuading the Zulu and the Xhosa that federation is not just the latest model of colonial exploitation? How do you convince Afrikaners that their language and culture will be safer under federation than they are now, when political power, however illusory, is in Afrikaner hands? . I am not going even to suggest answers. That is, after all, what this conference is about. But I would like t o make a few observations. In the first place, let us not fall into the trap of expecting federation to do what it never was designed to do. It is not designed to rid society of race prejudice, to abolish greed and the exploitation of the weak by the strong. It is not designed to ensure either weak or strong central or local government. In other words, federation is not a social or political panacea. It is not a super washing machine into which you can put all your dirty political and economic linen and expect to have it come out clean and shiny. In the second place, while it is of great advantage not to be dogmatic about any federal arrangements that are suggested, it is important to realise that there are three essential principles in federation: the division of sovereign powers, the special function of the supreme court, and the machinery for constitutional amendment. Any plans for federation should be measured against these three principles. If they are violated or even watered down and weakened, the result will almost certainly be a pernicious distortion of federation. Finally, let us, black and white together, not underestimate the immensity of the task of persuading black and white that federation is sound and safe. Nor, at the same time, let us shrink from it. This conference may not be the beginning of the end; but as Churchill said, it might well be the end of the beginning. And to quote another great man, Albert Luthuli, who once said to me: ' It doesn't matter how fast the car goes so long as it's going in the following notice is hereby published for general information. By order of His Excellency the High Commissioner and Administrator of the Transvaal. WE Davidson, Acting Secretary to the Transvaal Administration -3 rd June 1902. ARMY HEADQUARTERS, SOUTH AFRICA General Lord Kitchener of Khartoum, Command in Chief AND His Excellency Lord Milner, High Commissioner, on behalf of the BRITlSH GOVERNMENT, AND Messrs S.W. Burger, F.W. Reitz, Louis Botha, J.H. de la Rey, LJ. Meyer, and J.C. Krogh, acting as the government of south african REPUBLIC, AND Messrs W.J.C. Brebner, C.R. de Wet, J.B.M. Hertzog, and C.H. Olivier, acting as the government of the orange free state, on behalf of their respective burghers Desirous to terminate the present hostilities, agree on the following Articles. 1. The burgher Forces in the Field will forthwith lay down their Arms, handing over all Guns, Rifles, and Munitions of War, in their possession or under their control, and desist from any further resistance to the Authority of his majesty king edward VII, whom they recognise as their lawful sovereign. The Manner and details of this surrender will be arranged between Lord Kitchener and Commandant General Botha, Assistant Commandant General de la Rey and Chief Commandant De Wet. 2. Burghers in the field outside the limits of the transvaal and orange river colony, and all Prisoners of War at present outside South Africa, who are burghers, will, on duly declaring their acceptance of the position of subjects of his majesty king dward VII, be gradually brought back to their homes as soon as transport can be provided and their means of subsistence ensured. 3. The burghers so surrendering or so returning will not be deprived of their personal liberty, or their property. 4. No proceedings civil or criminal will be taken against any of the burghers so surrendering or so returning for any Acts in connection with the prosecution of the War. The benefit of this clause will not extend to certain Acts contrary to the usage of War which have been notified by the Commander in Chief to the Boer Generals, and which shall be tried by Court Martial immediately after the close of hostilities. 5. The dutch language will be taught in Public Schools in the T ransvaal and the orange river colony where the Parents of the Children desire it, and will be allowed in courts of law when necessary for the better and more effectual Administration of Justice. 6. The Possession of Rifles will be allowed in the transvaal and O range river colony to persons requiring them for their protection on taking out a licence according to Law. 7. MILITARY ADMINISTRATION in the TRANSVAAL and ORANGE river colony will at the earliest possible date be succeeded by civil government, and, as soon as circumstances permit, Representative Institutions, leading up to self-Government, will be introduced. 8. The question of granting the Franchise to Natives will not be decided until after the introduction of Self-Government. 9. No Special Tax will be imposed on Landed Property in the transvaal and orange river colony to defray the Expenses of the War. 10. As soon as conditions permit, a Commission, on which the local inhabitants will be represented, will be appointed in each District of the transvaal and orange river colony, under the Presidency of a Magistrate or other official, for the purpose of assisting the restoration of the people to their homes and supplying those who, owing to war losses, are unable to provide for themselves, with food, shelter, and the necessary amount of seed, stock, implements etc. indispensable to the resumption of their normal occupations. His Majesty's Government will place at the disposal of these Commissions a sum of three million pounds sterling for the above purposes, and will allow all notes, issued under Law No. 1 of 1900 of the Government of the south african republic, and all receipts, given by the officers in the field of the late Republics or under their orders, to be presented to a judicial commission, which will be appointed by the Government, and if such notes and receipts are found by this Commission to have been duly issued in return for valuable consideration they will be received by the first-named Commissions as evidence of War losses suffered by the persons to whom they were originally given. In addition to the above named free grant of three million pounds, His Majesty's Government will be prepared to make advances as loans for the same purpose, free of interest for two years, and afterwards repayable over a period of years with 3 per cent interest. No foreigner or rebel will be entitled to the benefit of this Clause. Signed at Pretoria this thirty first day of May in the Year of Our Lord Thousand Nine Hundred and Two. [Signed] KITCHENER OF KHARTOUM, MILNER, S W BURGER, F W REITZ, LOUIS BOTHA, J H DE LA REY, L J MEYER, J C KROGH, C R DE WET, J B M HERTZOG, WJ C BREBNER, C .H OLIVIER Source , No 22, March 1978 Peace Treaty of Vereeniging - transcript Published date 16/01/2012 Last updated 12/05/2017 Related Collections from the Archive Peace Treaty of Vereeniging - transcript Second Anglo-Boer War - 1899 - 1902 Related content Second Anglo-Boer War - 1899 - 1902 THE FOLLOWING NOTICE is hereby published for general information. By order of His Excellency the High Commissioner and Administrator of the Transvaal. WE Davidson, Acting Secretary to the Transvaal Administration -3rd June 1902. ARMY HEADQUARTERS, SOUTH AFRICA General Lord Kitchener of Khartoum, Command in Chief AND His Excellency Lord Milner, High Commissioner, on behalf of the BRITlSH GOVERNMENT, AND Messrs S.W. Burger, F.W. Reitz, Louis Botha, J.H. de la Rey, LJ. Meyer, and J.C. Krogh, acting as the GOVERNMENT of SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC, AND Messrs W.J.C. Brebner, C.R. de Wet, J.B.M. Hertzog, and C.H. Olivier, acting as the GOVERNMENT of the ORANGE FREE STATE, on behalf of their respective BURGHERS Desirous to terminate the present hostilities, agree on the following Articles. 1. The BURGHER Forces in the Field will forthwith lay down their Arms, handing over all Guns, Rifles, and Munitions of War, in their possession or under their control, and desist from any further resistance to the Authority of HIS MAJESTY KING EDWARD VII, whom they recognise as their lawful SOVEREIGN. The Manner and details of this surrender will be arranged between Lord Kitchener and Commandant General Botha, Assistant Commandant General de la Rey and Chief Commandant De Wet. 2. Burghers in the field outside the limits of the TRANSVAAL and ORANGE RIVER COLONY, and all Prisoners of War at present outside South Africa, who are burghers, will, on duly declaring their acceptance of the position of subjects of HIS MAJESTY KING DWARD VII, be gradually brought back to their homes as soon as transport can be provided and their means of subsistence ensured. 3. The BURGHERS so surrendering or so returning will not be deprived of their personal liberty, or their property. 4. No proceedings CIVIL or CRIMINAL will be taken against any of the BURGHERS so surrendering or so returning for any Acts in connection with the prosecution of the War. The benefit of this clause will not extend to certain Acts contrary to the usage of War which have been notified by the Commander in Chief to the Boer Generals, and which shall be tried by Court Martial immediately after the close of hostilities. 5. The DUTCH language will be taught in Public Schools in the TRANSVAAL and the ORANGE RIVER COLONY where the Parents of the Children desire it, and will be allowed in COURTS of LAW when necessary for the better and more effectual Administration of Justice. 6. The Possession of Rifles will be allowed in the TRANSVAAL and ORANGE RIVER COLONY to persons requiring them for their protection on taking out a licence according to Law. 7. MILITARY ADMINISTRATION in the TRANSVAAL and ORANGE RIVER COLONY will at the earliest possible date be succeeded by CIVIL GOVERNMENT, and, as soon as circumstances permit, Representative Institutions, leading up to self-Government, will be introduced. 8. The question of granting the Franchise to Natives will not be decided until after the introduction of Self-Government. 9. No Special Tax will be imposed on Landed Property in the TRANSVAAL and ORANGE RIVER COLONY to defray the Expenses of the War. 10. As soon as conditions permit, a Commission, on which the local inhabitants will be represented, will be appointed in each District of the TRANSVAAL and ORANGE RIVER COLONY, under the Presidency of a Magistrate or other official, for the purpose of assisting the restoration of the people to their homes and supplying those who, owing to war losses, are unable to provide for themselves, with food, shelter, and the necessary amount of seed, stock, implements etc. indispensable to the resumption of their normal occupations. His Majesty's Government will place at the disposal of these Commissions a sum of three million pounds sterling for the above purposes, and will allow all notes, issued under Law No. 1 of 1900 of the Government of the SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC, and all receipts, given by the officers in the field of the late Republics or under their orders, to be presented to a JUDICIAL COMMISSION, which will be appointed by the Government, and if such notes and receipts are found by this Commission to have been duly issued in return for valuable consideration they will be received by the first-named Commissions as evidence of War losses suffered by the persons to whom they were originally given. In addition to the above named free grant of three million pounds, His Majesty's Government will be prepared to make advances as loans for the same purpose, free of interest for two years, and afterwards repayable over a period of years with 3 per cent interest. No foreigner or rebel will be entitled to the benefit of this Clause. Signed at Pretoria this thirty first day of May in the Year of Our Lord Thousand Nine Hundred and Two. [Signed] KITCHENER OF KHARTOUM, MILNER, S W BURGER, F W REITZ, LOUIS BOTHA, J H DE LA REY, L J MEYER, J C KROGH, C R DE WET, J B M HERTZOG, WJ C BREBNER, C .H OLIVIER Louis Botha Louis Botha was born near Greytown in Natal in 1862. He was the son of Voortrekker parents and was brought up on a farm in the Free State, and was educated at the local German mission school. A Boer general and statesman, he was leader of the Transvaal army in the Second Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) from March 1900, and he was one of the architects of the Union of South Africa. His vision of South Africa included both British and Dutch. Botha was a leading figure in the Paris Peace Conference at the end of World War I. A great man of action, he was renowned for his simplicity, humanity, quick wit and good nature. He was endowed with natural gifts, yet his training was hardly sufficient to equip him for fifteen years of unremitting political, diplomatic, and military tasks. Louis Botha's ancestors came from Thuringia in central Germany. Around 1672, a young soldier, Frederich Boot, or Botha, arrived at the Cape and later became a free burgher. Several of his descendants signed themselves as 'Both' and 'Boota'. His paternal grandfather Philip Rudolf took part in the Great Trek. Louis, the ninth among thirteen children, was born near Greytown in the Colony of Natal on 27 September 1862. The family moved to the Orange Free State near Vrede in 1869. In 1880, at the outbreak of the First Anglo-Boer War, Louis overheard that British spies were crossing into the Transvaal by using rowing boats belonging to farmers along the Vaal riverbanks. He resolved to cut every boat and pontoon adrift and accomplished it. The Volksraad decided to act on Botha's recommendations that the Uitlanders should be granted franchise concessions, dependent on residency prior to July 1892. The folly of the Jameson Raid of December 1895, had however, strengthened stubborn resistance to Uitlander grievances, and weakened the position of Joubert's followers. With Lucas Meyer, De la Rey and others, he was strongly opposed to sending the British the fateful ultimatum. But by October 2, 1899, shortly before Kruger's ultimatum, Botha had already left Pretoria for Vryheid to prepare for military service. Emphatically against war - he was nevertheless prepared to oppose any actions that might affect the integrity of his country. When war broke out in 1899 Botha at once volunteered as an ordinary burgher for the Vryheid commandos under General Lucas Meyer In December 1900, the republics were annexed under the names of the Transvaal and Orange River Colony. Though the burghers refused to condone this, Lord Roberts reported to the Secretary for War that organized resistance had ceased. Roberts was wrong. With the railways in the hands of the British, Botha returned to guerrilla tactics. This new phase in Botha's war was marked by a change in the Boer morale. They fought on with renewed vigour and belief in their cause, operating from their home areas, living off the country and seizing British supplies. Kitchener determined to end the war at all costs. He built blockhouses linked by fences and telephones which marched for miles across the endless veld, organized systematic drives to catch their quarry, deported prisoners-of-war, and placed the women and children in concentration camps, where the death rate soared. Despite all these measures Botha, De la Rey, De Wet and the other leaders consistently evaded capture. Trains were boldly attacked, railway lines destroyed. Stronger discipline was enforced. Smuts and Botha carried out raids into the Cape and Natal. Kitchener, on his own initiative, opened peace negotiations with Botha in February and March 1901 using Annie Botha as an intermediary. They met at Middelburg where Kitchener presented draft peace terms, approved by Milner and Chamberlain, granting financial assistance and reconstruction of property, and postponing black voting rights until after representative government had been introduced in the 'annexed colonies', in return for the surrender of Boer independence. The Boers found this unacceptable and many were angered that Botha had agreed to negotiate with Kitchener. Kitchener pressed Milner to soften the terms by introducing representative governments almost immediately and by granting full amnesty to the rebels. But Milner objected. The Boers responded by rejecting the British terms. Though Botha was hard pressed, he got as far as Babanango in Zululand and managed to capture a convoy of thirty-one British wagons in September. But, by October 1901, the commandos had become fugitives and ammunition and supplies were dwindling to nothing; nonetheless, Botha defeated a British force on the 20th at Bakenlaagte. Botha said he owed much to his wonderful white horse, Dopper, which carried him through the war! A meeting of sixty representatives of the commandos met on 15 May 1902 at Vereeniging to ascertain the views of the burghers. The representatives reported that in every area people were in desperate straits. To continue the war, Botha concluded, would result in total destruction of the two erstwhile republics and the virtual extermination of its people. On May 16, in a carefully reasoned speech, he persuaded the Free Staters that a decision for peace should be declared while they were still a nation, 'Do not let us regard a period of universal burial as the bitter end. If we do, we shall be to blame for national suicide,' he said. On May 28, during negotiations at Pretoria, Lord Milner tried to get the five Boer generals to sign an unsatisfactory document recognizing the proclamations that had annexed the republics as colonies. Botha emphatically rejected this scheme. But negotiations were going anything but smoothly. Lord Milner, unbending, wanted the Afrikaners denationalized and would not be limited by a timetable for self-government. The only concession he made was at the expense of blacks and Coloureds who were expressly excluded from political participation until some hazy period in the future. Botha succeeded in fixing a sum for economic reconstruction after the war and a draft was drawn up which became the Peace Treaty. The Boers were bitter. On May 29, negotiations were resumed. President Steyn left Pretoria, using his serious illness as an excuse to avoid signing the peace treaty. For three days, the negotiators argued. Then on the last morning, Botha and De La Rey managed to persuade defiant General de Wet to support the cause for peace. General Hertzog expressed his respect for Botha at this time, 'for he has shown himself to be possessed of a heart that feels all these things (the brunt of war), while he has had the courage to tell his people, and us, exactly how matters stand'. Reluctantly the burghers decided to relinquish their independence and to accept the otherwise generous terms of peace. The annexation proclamations were tacitly dropped, and the Treaty of Vereeniging was ratified on May 31 by fifty-four votes to six. For Milner the task was to control and administer a loyal post-war British South Africa himself. For Botha the task was to transform himself from a fighting man into a politician to ensure lasting peace in southern Africa. Though they had been conquered and impoverished, the Afrikaners had not been denationalised, and Milner failed to swamp them with British immigrants. Having overwhelmed the republics, British supremacy in South Africa began to wane. Botha, De la Rey, and De Wet were appointed to collect money overseas for economic reconstruction of the country. In July, the trio left for Europe, but despite their warm reception, they only raised £125,000. Chamberlain refused to increase the amount agreed on for reconstruction. Botha then wrote a persuasive article in The Contemporary Review, 'The Boers and the Empire', in which he described the advantages a conciliatory and accommodating attitude on the part of the British would have as a humane gesture and as effective politics. Shortly afterward, the British House of Commons voted a further £8-million. Botha also pleaded for an amnesty for the Cape and Natal rebels, and Chamberlain eventually agreed that the two colonial governments should decide on the matter. Botha interceded with the Cape and Natal premiers and the amnesty was granted. Back in South Africa, Botha determined to bring his people together again. Afrikaners resented Milner increasingly for his repatriation policies, for the way he carried out British compensation, and because he wanted to import Chinese labour to work on the mines. Botha, Smuts and De la Rey refused to serve on the Legislative Council in 1903. A protest meeting, headed by Botha, was held in Heidelberg to ask that Dutch and English be given equal status, to prevent further Chinese immigration, and to push for postponement of further importation of Indians. Milner's Legislative Council ignored the protesters. Smuts and other Boer leaders founded Het Volk in May 1904. Although it was an Afrikaner political party, it was based on principles likely to appeal to Boer and Englishman alike. It aimed for conciliation, self-government, and acceptance of those who had surrendered or had served with the British. One year later, the party's influence had spread so far that a meeting was held at the Wanderers, Johannesburg, to oppose the Lyttelton Constitution. Here, they protested against Chinese labour, the inadequate government of the former republics as crown colonies, and, finding some support among prominent businessmen, they founded the Responsible Government Association. Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, leader of the Liberal Party, had publicly endorsed his party's abhorrence of Kitchener's farm burnings and concentration camps as 'methods of barbarism'. In Britain, reaction had set in and at the end of 1905, the Liberal Party was swept in to victory at the polls. Botha immediately sent Smuts overseas to plead for self-government. Campbell-Bannerman convinced his cabinet ministers that it would be 'a great act of faith' to make amends and retain Afrikaner co-operation. The Transvaal and the Free State shortly afterward obtained responsible government. (Transvaal in December 1906 and Orange River Colony in June 1907). Het Volk, now including many English-speaking allies, won the next election, and Botha became Prime Minister of the Transvaal on 4 March 1907. Botha attended the opening of Parliament at Pretoria by Lord Selborne on 21 March 1902 and heard him announce the decision to cease employment of Chinese labour by the Witwatersrand mines. Soon afterwards, he was summoned to attend the Imperial Conference. Botha was conciliatory. He pronounced Afrikaner loyalty to the Empire, presented the Cullinan diamond to Edward VII and was highly praised in England and South Africa. However, there was some tongue wagging in South Africa that Botha was becoming too anglicized. The gracious gesture of the uncommon present was immediately generously returned by the British House of Commons, which approved a loan to the Transvaal of £5 million. This was used mainly to establish the Land Bank to assist farmers, part was used to introduce free primary education, the railways were expanded, experimental farms were developed, and the fight against cattle diseases was given vigorous impetus. With all four colonies self-governing, hopes revived for uniting South Africa under one government. Botha and Smuts worked hard towards this goal. Gold and diamond production expanded and economic prosperity followed. But, politically, Botha was walking a tightrope. The majority of Chinese were repatriated, but the Indian question was thorny. Indians were very dissatisfied when compulsory registration of Indians in the Transvaal was passed in 1906 and the Gold Law of 1908 further restricted their trade. Afrikaners mistrusted Botha for his friendliness towards the British, especially after the Education Act of 1907 made English, but not Dutch, a compulsory school-learning subject. Nevertheless, supported by moderate Afrikaners and English-speakers, his party grew. In July 1907, the Selborne Memorandum, and in May 1908, the Customs Conference, laid the foundations for the National Convention. Botha played a leading part in the deliberations of the National Convention that produced the constitution for a unified form of government, ratified by the British Parliament on 31 May 1910. Botha becomes the first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa on 21 May 1910. In terms of the South Africa Act, the first governor-general, Lord Gladstone, asked Botha to form the government for the Union of South Africa. John X Merriman, the experienced Prime Minister of the Cape, had been considered, but Botha's great prestige and his standing amongst Afrikaners made him the obvious choice. Instead of choosing a 'Best Man' government from all the parties Botha chose his cabinet from supportive party representatives. Percy Fitzpatrick was disillusioned because Botha had given up his negotiations for choosing a moderate government of the best brains in the country; but Fitzpatrick was stunned when he learned that Botha was to oppose him at Pretoria East. However, on polling day in September 1910, Botha, in a hotly contested election, was sensationally defeated by his former friend. To get into Parliament the member for Standerton was obliged to resign and Botha sought re-election at Standerton. Botha was faced with the problem of what to do with General J B M Hertzog, a controversial but influential figure among the Afrikaners, whom Free Staters especially, regarded as their own spokesman. Botha tried to fob him off by offering him a judgeship instead of a cabinet post but Hertzog turned it down. Botha was torn, and believing that Afrikaner leaders in his government might accommodate Afrikaner interests, he reluctantly appointed Hertzog minister of Justice and Native Affairs. This alienated many English-speakers, particularly when Hertzog delivered a number of speeches stressing that South African interests should come before those of Empire and that a 'two-stream' policy should be followed regarding Dutch and English-speaking white South Africans. Botha agreed that South Africa came first, but he disapproved of Hertzog's speeches on these issues for being tactless and inappropriate political wrangling. Minister of Commerce Colonel G Leuchars resigned in protest over Hertzog's speeches and Hertzogism divided Botha's party. English-speakers were against the bilingualism clause in the Civil Service and Pensions Bill presented before Parliament in April 1912. Minister of Finance H C Hull and Minister of Railways J W Sauer clashed on overlapping railway and financial matters and Hull resigned. Botha then dissolved his cabinet and excluded Hertzog and Leuchars. By 1913, the Afrikaner people were completely divided and nationalism carried its own momentum. The National Party was founded in 1914 with Hertzog, as leader, defining a 'two stream policy' -two nationalities flowing in parallel channels of cultural and national development - in contradiction of Botha's avowed 'one stream' policy to merge the two races into one people, the object of union. Like Hertzog, Botha believed in maintaining black traditions and in totally segregating black and white, except where blacks were needed as workers. As agriculture expanded, his attitude to blacks became increasingly illiberal in his efforts to placate the white races. The oppressive Native Land Act of 1913 was a revolution in land tenure; blacks had no rights to hire or buy land in the white areas and their lands were strictly demarcated and inadequate. At the outbreak of World War I, though some 70,000 Africans were recruited and went to France to work behind the lines, generally, they were not affected. Botha thought that while the war continued it would be very unwise to raise any large issues of policy in connection with the African population. In an attempt to appease and reunify Afrikaners by showing that he and Hertzog shared a mutual approach to segregation, Botha introduced the Native Affairs Administration Bill in 1917. This dealt with the question of the segregation of blacks, the principle of which had been settled by the Act of 1913. Merriman vigorously the bill, predicting that large numbers of Africans would be forced to leave their districts. He foresaw that the promised commission to investigate the purchase of additional land for them would be thwarted by whites, who would never agree to sell their lands. The bill caused intense anxiety among blacks, for what they needed was access to land on easy terms. Among whites, there was such intense disagreement within Botha's party that the bill was finally withdrawn. The industrial colour bar was a related question. It had been introduced to assist impoverished whites in retaining jobs threatened by the influx into the towns of blacks who accepted lower wages. White workers were determined to resist any upward movement of blacks with skills. From 1911, efforts were made to reclassify semi-skilled mining and railway tasks as skilled and thus, reserved for whites. Industrial unrest erupted on the Rand in May 1913. Neglect and incompetence allowed the situation to get out of hand. In June, fighting and violent outrages broke out in Johannesburg and many people died. The government conceded to nearly all the demands of the Labour leaders, but six months later gold miners, coal miners and railway workers went on strike again. Smuts put down the strike and deported nine foreign leaders. Their political opponents labelled Botha and Smuts military dictators and the Labour Party gained many erstwhile supporters of the SAP. The Great War confronted the Botha Government with a crisis: what part should South Africa play in it, and what action should the Union take in regard to German South West Africa? Botha felt it was a debt of 'duty and honour' to demonstrate gratitude for the early granting of self-government. But he had another motive too: he did not wish any other country to occupy and administer South West Africa. He had an eye on its incorporation into South Africa after the war. He considered the army that the Germans were raising in South West Africa a threat to South Africa itself. He therefore told the British Government that the Union would defend itself, and, as South Africa was part of the British Empire, it would look on Britain's enemies as its own. This pronouncement estranged influential anti-British Afrikaners. At Britain's request, Botha undertook to seize those parts of South West Africa, which would give it command of Luderitz Bay and Swakopmund. Their aim was to take over the coastal wireless stations and especially the long-distance radio transmitters at Windhoek, which they wrongly thought were able to transmit to German ships and submarines. Hertzog pleaded for neutrality. Many Afrikaners had ties of kinship with Germany and they felt grateful for the sympathy of the German people during the Anglo-Boer War. Though the Kaiser had let them down, Germans had assisted the Boers in the field and through the Red Cross, to the extent that President Steyn had said, 'My people here consider that they are under a debt of obligation to the German race.' Afrikaners did not universally hold these feelings, but there was widespread dissatisfaction. Botha and Smuts took steps to carry out the campaign, using volunteers. Botha did not consult Steyn or Hertzog beforehand and in his patriotic speeches he failed to stress the material advantages to South Africa of such a campaign. Unintentionally, he set those with German loyalties against those with British loyalties. The chief of the citizen force, General Beyers, resigned on 15 September 1914. That same evening General De la Rey was accidentally shot dead by the police. General De Wet held protest meetings in the Orange Free State and on 10 October Lieutenant Colonel S G (Manie) Maritz, who commanded the north-western Cape border, defected to the Germans. The protest in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State had become a rebellion. Botha defeated De Wet in a sharp skirmish, Beyers was put to flight and subsequently drowned. The rebellion was a formidable revolt of some thirteen thousand inadequately armed burghers who were prepared to follow their leaders blindly. Had it been successful, it would have led to a general civil war. It distressed Botha to take up arms against his own people. Though an amnesty was declared for the rank and file and the leaders were leniently treated, their prison sentences and fines upset Afrikaners and the shooting of Jopie Fourie as a traitor caused deep resentment. Botha commanded the Union troops in South West Africa, penetrating the region in four different directions; he overran the German positions and put them to flight. Early in July 1915, the Germans surrendered, but the full peace terms were only to be drawn up after the war in Europe had ended. The elections of 1915 were stormy. Botha was attacked for not implementing language equality. The Nationalists pronounced him a disloyal Afrikaner and he lost much support. Though the SAP won the elections, the Prime Minister did not have an outright majority in Parliament. His task was onerous after he took over the portfolio for Defence from Smuts, who had assumed supreme command of the South African forces in German East Africa. Botha was offered a post on the British War Cabinet but refused, and in 1914, Smuts sailed for Britain to attend the Imperial Conference and to take his place on the War Cabinet. Try as he might, Botha could not reconcile or reunite his people. And as the republican movement gained strength, his health began to fail. The Nationalists criticized his war policy and chided him for the country's lack of economic development because of South Africa's war effort. In 1917, the National Party proclaimed a republican manifesto, which asked Britain to restore independence to the former Boer republics. Unionists set fire to properties belonging to Afrikaners who in turn formed themselves into commandos. Botha swiftly intervened. Then blacks went on strike in Johannesburg and were sternly dealt with. This gave rise to further unrest. Peace. At the end of the war in 1918 Botha personally directed the repatriation of the South African troops in France. He went with Smuts to Paris to join the Allied delegations to the Peace Conference. Botha wanted to annex South West Africa outright but could not obtain general agreement on the issue from Wilson. Under the Peace of Versailles, the territory of South West Africa was handed over to the Union 'to be administered as an integral part of the Union with full power of administration and legislation,' subject to the Mandate of the League of Nations. This obliged the Union to submit annual reports on its administration of the mandated territory. The proposed peace terms were severe. Smuts at first refused to sign, but Botha realized further argument would be futile and persuaded Smuts to sign. Botha was given a tumultuous welcome on his return to South Africa. Worn out and not in the best of health, he caught a cold at his farm Rusthof that quickly developed into pneumonia. Very ill, he returned to his home in Pretoria where he died of a heart attack a few days later. He was buried in the Rebecca Street cemetery in Pretoria on 30 August. BACK TO THE TOP OF THE PAGE