KNIGHTS INFORMATION

Knights were a class of warriors in the Middle Ages who served lords and monarchs in military matters.

Knighthood was more than a military role; it was a social rank and a lifestyle. Knights participated in tournaments and jousts, which were popular social events as well as opportunities for demonstrating martial prowess.

Over time, the ideals of knighthood and chivalry became romanticized, contributing to the iconic image of the knight as a noble and gallant warrior.

Historical development of the knight

The knight was a medieval warrior who fought on horseback. He was heavily armored and carried a sword and shield.

The evolution of the knight began before the Middle Ages, with origins traceable to the 8th century under Charlemagne.

Knights became more significant as mounted warriors during the 10th and 11th centuries.

Knights were at the heart of the feudal system, a hierarchical structure that dominated Europe during the Middle Ages.

In exchange for their military service, knights were granted lands (known as fiefs) from their lords, which they ruled and generated income from.

This system of mutual obligations bound together the social and political structure of the period.

A medieval knight on foot. © History Skills

Role in battle

The primary role of knights in battle was to fight on the front line and protect other members of the army.

They were also used to pursue enemy troops who had been routed and could be effective in sieges and ambushes.

The evolution of warfare, including tactics, technology, and organization, contributed to changes in the role of knights in battle.

One of these developments was the introduction of heavy plate armor, which made knights more resistant to sword blows and spear thrusts from enemies mounted on horses.

This new armor allowed knights to fight on foot, and the mounted knight became less important in battle.

Knights fighting on foot. © History Skills

Battle of Hastings in 1066

The Battle of Hastings in AD 1066 was a decisive battle between the Normans and the Anglo-Saxons.

The Norman knights, who were equipped with chain mail armor, proved to be a formidable force against the Anglo-Saxon troops, many of whom were only armed with shields and swords.

Knights played an important role in this battle, as they used a tactic known as 'feigned flight' to lure the Anglo-Saxons into a false sense of security before attacking them from behind.

This tactic was successful in defeating the Anglo-Saxons and led to the Norman conquest of England.

The code of chivalry

Knights were governed by a code of chivalry which dictated their behavior both on and off the battlefield.

The code of chivalry emphasized the importance of honor, courage, and loyalty. Knights were expected to protect the weak and innocent, and to show mercy to their enemies.

They were also forbidden from harming women and children or looting the possessions of those they had defeated in battle.

The Catholic Church helped develop this code because they saw the importance of having a moral code for warriors.

The Church saw the knight as an important tool in their fight against heresy and believed that by upholding Christian values, knights would be more effective in battle.

It's important to note that the chivalric code was not uniformly adhered to or implemented across all of Europe, and its interpretation could vary significantly.

Princess Elizabeth. (c. 1606). MET Museum, Item No. 51.194.1. Public Domain. Source: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/437263

Jousting and tournaments

Knights took part in jousting and tournaments to hone their skills in battle. These events were also seen as a form of entertainment for the general public, who would often gather to watch them take place.

Jousting was an event where two knights would charge at each other on horseback while holding shields and lances, with the aim of knocking the other person off their horse.

Tournaments were similar to jousting, but involved a number of knights fighting each other at the same time.

How to become a knight

In order to become a knight, one had to be born into a noble family and receive training in martial arts from an early age.

Young men could become a page at the age of seven and would serve a knight or lord (called a liege) in order to learn the skills necessary to become a knight.

It was not uncommon for a young man to be sent on a quest by his lord, in order to test his martial skills and bravery.

If he was successful, he would be given knighthood when deemed ready, as there was no specific age at which a person would become a knight.

Factors such as their training, experience, and the needs of their lord could influence the timing of their knighthood.

At this point, the young man would be knighted by his lord and given a suit of armor and weapons.

Knights were expected to fight for their liege in battle but could also choose to become mercenaries who fought for whoever paid them the most money.

The Church was not supportive of this practice because they believed that knights should only fight for causes that were honorable and just, rather than just to earn money.

The knighting ceremony

One of the most important parts of becoming a knight was the ceremony in which he would receive his suit of armor and weapons.

This usually took place after many years of training and involved the following steps:

The young man receiving knighthood would be stripped down to their underwear, with all their clothing removed except for a belt.

The king or lord would use a sword to tap the young man on each shoulder, to officially bestow knighthood upon him.

The new knight would then typically promise to protect his king and his lands.

The young man would then be given a new set of clothing, including a suit of armor and a helmet.

He would also be given weapons such as swords, lances, and shields. Finally, he would be presented to the public and ride around on horseback to show off his new rank and status as a knight.

Knighting ceremony. Source: https://pixabay.com/photos/accolade-knight-middle-ages-award-63001/

Decline of knights

Knights began to decline in importance during the 15th century when gunpowder and cannons became popular weapons for warfare.

These new weapons were much more effective than swords and lances because they could be used from far away without needing physical contact with an enemy soldier or knight.

The idea that only noblemen could become knights also meant that commoners were excluded from becoming one themselves.

This was unfair ecause many commoners wanted to fight in battles too but couldn't afford expensive suits of armor like their wealthy counterparts could.

As warfare continued to evolve, the role of knights became less prominent, and the concept of the knight gradually faded from importance.

Knights of Honor: 10 Medieval Knight Types

Knighthood held a revered status in medieval society, symbolizing courage, chivalry, and martial prowess.

1. Knight Bachelor

A knight bachelor was the most basic form of knighthood, typically bestowed upon individuals for their martial achievements or service to a lord. They were not part of a knightly order and did not hold any specific titles or lands. Knight bachelors fought as individuals and often served as skilled warriors or household retainers.

2. Banneret

Bannerets were knights who had proven their valor on the battlefield. They were entitled to lead a company of knights under their own banner, which granted them a higher status and command authority. Bannerets were often appointed by kings or nobles and played significant roles in military campaigns.

3. Knight Hospitaller

Knight Hospitallers were members of the Order of Knights Hospitaller, a religious military order founded to provide medical and military assistance during the Crusades. They combined their knightly duties with tending to the sick and wounded. Knight Hospitallers held considerable influence and owned vast estates and fortifications.

4. Knight Templar

Knight Templars were members of the Order of the Knights Templar, another prominent religious military order during the Crusades. They were known for their martial skill and served as elite warriors in various conflicts. Knight Templars held great wealth and power, managing extensive estates and engaging in financial activities.

5. Knight of the Garter

Knights of the Garter were part of the Order of the Garter, an esteemed chivalric order established by King Edward III of England. They were selected from the nobility and were recognized for their exceptional service and loyalty to the crown. Knights of the Garter played prominent roles in courtly life and royal ceremonies.

6. Knight of the Golden Fleece

Knights of the Golden Fleece were members of the Order of the Golden Fleece, a prestigious chivalric order founded by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. They were selected from the nobility and were known for their prowess in battle and political influence. Membership in the order signified high social status and honor.

7. Knight Errant

Knight errants were wandering knights who traveled in search of adventures and quests. They often sought to uphold chivalric values, rescue damsels in distress, and fight for justice. Knight errants were romanticized figures in medieval literature, embodying the ideals of gallantry and heroism.

8. Knight Marshal

The knight marshal held an important administrative and military position in the royal court. They were responsible for overseeing the king’s stables, organizing tournaments, and maintaining order in the field. Knight marshals were skilled warriors and played crucial roles in military logistics and strategy.

9. Knight Champion

A knight champion was an appointed champion who represented the honor and prowess of a noble family. They would engage in judicial combat to resolve disputes or defend the honor of their lord. Knight champions were chosen for their exceptional skill in combat and served as champions of justice and loyalty.

10. Knight Commander

Knight commanders were high-ranking knights who held leadership positions within knightly orders or military organizations. They were responsible for the administration and training of other knights, ensuring discipline and adherence to the knightly code. Knight commanders played pivotal roles in shaping the conduct and ideals of knighthood.

Evolution of Knights

The medieval period, spanning from the 5th to the 15th century, was marked by the rise of knights as warriors and protectors of the land. Knights were trained from a young age in the art of combat, and their weapons and armor evolved throughout the centuries.

“The knight was the epitome of the medieval warrior, embodying the ideals of chivalry, courage, and martial prowess.”
Richard W. Kaeuper, Professor of History at the University of Rochester and author of numerous books on medieval chivalry and warfare.

In this article, we will explore the different types of knights and their roles in society, as well as the development of their armor and weapons over time.

From the chain mail of the early medieval period to the full plate armor of the late medieval period, we will delve into the evolution of knightly equipment and its significance in the history of medieval Europe.

Early Medieval Period (5th century to 11th century)

5th to 7th century: Migration Period; Germanic and Celtic warriors use chain mail, helmets, and shields.

High Medieval Period (11th century to 13th century)

11th century: Norman Conquest of England; knights wear mail hauberks, kite-shaped shields, and carry swords and spears.

“The rise of the knightly class in the Middle Ages was one of the most significant developments in the history of Western Europe.” –
John France, Emeritus Professor of History at Swansea University and author of several books on medieval warfare and society.

The image shows the weaponary, shields and horses used by medieval Norman knights

12th century: Crusades; knights wear mail hauberks, surcoats with coats of arms, great helms, and carry swords, lances, and maces.

13th century: Knights Templar and Teutonic Knights; knights wear plate armor, great helms, and carry swords, lances, and battle axes.

Late Medieval Period (14th century to 15th century)

14th century: Hundred Years’ War; knights wear full plate armor, including plate chausses, gauntlets, and breastplates, and carry swords, lances, and war hammers.

“Knights were a product of their society, and their values and behaviors reflected the social and cultural norms of medieval Europe.”
Kelly DeVries, Professor of History at Loyola University Maryland and author of several books on medieval warfare and chivalry.

The Battle of Castillon was an important battle in the 100 years war between England and France

15th century: Wars of the Roses; knights continue to wear full plate armor, but with more emphasis on decoration and heraldry. The longsword becomes the primary weapon, with the use of firearms starting to become more prevalent.

“The medieval knight was more than just a warrior; he was a symbol of social and political power, a representative of his lord, and a guardian of the Christian faith.”
Matthew Strickland, Professor of Medieval History at the University of Glasgow and author of numerous books on medieval warfare and society.

Medieval Knights: History, Armor & Code of Chivalry

Main Categories

Medieval knights were more than just armored warriors on horseback. They played crucial roles in shaping history, culture, and society during the Middle Ages. Knights followed a strict code of conduct known as chivalry, which emphasized bravery, honor, and respect for women and the weak. Their lives were filled with rigorous training, fierce battles, and grand tournaments. But did you know that knights also had a softer side? They were often patrons of the arts, supporting poets and musicians. Some even dabbled in poetry themselves! From their iconic armor to their legendary quests, knights remain a symbol of courage and nobility. Let's dive into 42 fascinating facts about these medieval warriors!

Key Takeaways:

Knights were skilled warriors who followed a strict code of chivalry, fought in epic battles, and managed estates, but their role declined with the rise of gunpowder and standing armies.
Famous knights like William Marshal, Richard the Lionheart, and Joan of Arc left a lasting legacy, inspiring stories, movies, and even video games that continue to capture our imaginations today.

The Origins of Medieval Knights

Medieval knights have fascinated people for centuries. Their tales of bravery, chivalry, and combat are legendary. Let's dive into some intriguing facts about these iconic warriors.

01The term "knight" comes from the Old English word "cniht," meaning servant or boy.
02Knights originated in the early Middle Ages, around the 9th century, as mounted warriors serving lords.
03Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, is often credited with popularizing the concept of knights.
04The feudal system played a crucial role in the rise of knights, as lords granted land to warriors in exchange for military service.

Training and Becoming a Knight

Becoming a knight was no easy feat. It required rigorous training and dedication from a young age.

05Boys began their training as pages around the age of seven.
06Pages learned basic skills like horse riding, swordsmanship, and etiquette.
07At around 14, pages became squires, serving a knight and learning advanced combat skills.
08Squires often accompanied knights into battle, gaining firsthand experience.
09The final step to knighthood was a ceremonial dubbing, where a squire was officially knighted by a lord or king.

The Code of Chivalry

Knights followed a strict code of conduct known as chivalry, which dictated their behavior both on and off the battlefield.

10Chivalry emphasized virtues like bravery, courtesy, honor, and gallantry toward women.
11Knights were expected to protect the weak and uphold justice.
12The code also included religious duties, such as defending the Christian faith.
13Breaking the code of chivalry could result in severe punishment or loss of knighthood.

Armor and Weapons

Knights were known for their distinctive armor and weapons, which evolved over the centuries.

14Early knights wore chainmail armor, made of interlocking metal rings.
15By the 14th century, plate armor became more common, offering better protection.
16Helmets varied in design, from simple conical shapes to elaborate visors.
17The sword was the primary weapon of a knight, symbolizing their status and skill.
18Knights also used lances, maces, and axes in combat.
19Shields bore unique heraldic designs, identifying knights on the battlefield.

Life on the Battlefield

Knights were formidable warriors, often participating in epic battles and sieges.

20Knights fought on horseback, using their height and mobility to their advantage.
21They formed the backbone of medieval armies, leading charges and breaking enemy lines.
22Tournaments were popular events where knights showcased their combat skills.
23Jousting, a sport where knights charged at each other with lances, was a highlight of tournaments.
24Siege warfare required knights to breach fortified castles and defend their own strongholds.

Daily Life and Duties

Outside of battle, knights had various responsibilities and a unique lifestyle.

25Knights managed their estates, overseeing agriculture and local justice.
26They often served as advisors to their lords or kings.
27Many knights participated in religious pilgrimages, seeking spiritual fulfillment.
28Marriages were often arranged to form alliances and secure land.
29Knights enjoyed hunting, feasting, and other leisure activities.

The Decline of Knighthood

The role of knights changed significantly as the medieval period progressed.

30The invention of gunpowder and firearms made traditional knightly combat less effective.
31Professional standing armies began to replace feudal levies.
32The rise of centralized monarchies reduced the power of individual knights and lords.
33By the 16th century, knights had largely transitioned to ceremonial and administrative roles.

Famous Medieval Knights

Some knights became legendary figures, their deeds remembered for generations.

34William Marshal, known as the "greatest knight," served four English kings.
35Richard the Lionheart, King of England, was renowned for his bravery during the Crusades.
36Joan of Arc, though not a knight, led French forces to victory and was later canonized.
37El Cid, a Spanish knight, became a national hero for his battles against the Moors.
38Sir Lancelot, though fictional, remains one of the most famous knights in literature.

Knights in Popular Culture

Knights continue to captivate imaginations through various forms of media.

39Medieval romances and epic poems celebrated the adventures of knights.
40Modern films and TV shows, like "Game of Thrones" and "The Lord of the Rings," feature knightly characters.
41Video games often include knights as playable characters or adversaries.
42Renaissance fairs and historical reenactments keep the spirit of knighthood alive today.

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